We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Heart of Darkness vs. Apocalypse Now even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Heart of Darkness vs. Apocalypse Now in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now
Joseph Conrad once wrote, “the individual consciousness was destined to be in total contradiction to its physical and moral environment” (Conrad-187); the validity of his statement is reflected in the physiological and psychological changes that the characters in both his Heart of Darkness and Coppola’s Apocalypse Now undergo as they travel up their respective rivers, the Congo and the Nung. Each journey up the tropical river is symbolic of a voyage of discovery into the dark heart of man, and an encounter with his capacity for evil. In such a voyage the characters regress to their basic instincts as they assimilate themselves into an alien world with its primeval dangers. When the characters are unable to withstand the various temptations along this passage, they helplessly sell their souls to corruption. In both the book and the movie, the various events along each individual journey help illustrate not only the physical deterioration of the environment and the characters’ health but also the psychological degradation of the characters’ conscience and consciousness.
In both Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now, the various dramatic shifts in the environment from the onset of the river journeys delineate an increasing barbarity and savagery as the characters penetrate deeper and deeper into the heart of darkness. The directions of both journeys are formally established as a movement from “open and boundless to narrow and restricted spaces” (66), from the light of the sun into the darkness. This narrowing of space symbolically represents that these men are trapped within this valley, with no chance of escaping from the many horrors they face.
In addition to these numerous shifts in the ambiance, the events that occur along the respective river journeys also illustrate their advancing into the “heart of an impenetrable darkness” (50). Signs of physical fatigue play a role in both works, displaying this advancement. Although the physical aspects of the river journeys contribute in establishing the foundation for the entrance into the heart of darkness, the psychological journeys traveled by Marlow and Willard are more reflective of the “restorative return to the primitive sources of being” (1). Through spiritual voyages of self-discovery amid continual moral deterioration, the characters have evolved into new beings who reflect the uttermost cruelty of imperialistic domination. Unable to restrain his many desires in this land of temptations with “his own true self … his own inborn strength,” Marlow’s determination to survive has been undermined by his moral conflicts (60). Marlow at length decides to let his conscience float around as a negligible variable. Likewise, the pilgrims on board are also subjects of moral degeneration. As they involve themselves deeper and deeper into the vilest scramble for loot, they become mentally disfigured due to their loss of self-restraint. Similarly Willard and his crew face a certain moral confusion, mistiness, and a philosophical intangibility. Willard begins to realize his willingness to live in this prehistoric society. With a luminous lack of identity, he travels nearer to insanity and primitive barbarism. They crew of both companies prove unable to cope with the drudgery around them and lose themselves into the wilderness.
Apart from the falling sense of conscience, both crews also suffer from a slow deterioration of their consciousness as they proceed up their respective rivers. The characters’ conscious actions, feelings, and outlooks shift to the sub-conscious, perhaps even the unconscious, life within them. As their surroundings transform from the known concrete world into the unknown their consciousness follows, loosening itself amongst this imminent darkness.
Marlow, Willard, and their company, undertake a river journey which symbolizes an unraveling of the threads of civilization, an investigation leading toward beginnings and origins. In the end, they emerge as ‘new-sprung’ individuals from the experience. In Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, Marlow’s great understanding is that existence itself has no moral heart; which is proved by his being unable to sustain the river experience with his moral perspective intact and unaltered. In the end, he is a changed man, vastly isolated and tremendously different from those abroad the Nellie. In like fashion, Willard in Coppola’s Apocalypse Now remains isolated by his newly acquired knowledge. He has been changed, humbled by his confrontation with the darkness inherent in Kurtz, in himself, in existence. Both river journeys, each by itself literal and symbolic, physical and psychological, reflect searches towards death and dissolution that lead into the “heart of darkness”. Each tropical river embodies the characters’ struggles with their conscience and consciousness, as well as their battles against the “fascination of abomination” (78).
Mind that the sample papers like Heart of Darkness vs. Apocalypse Now presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Showing posts with label paper example. Show all posts
Showing posts with label paper example. Show all posts
Saturday, April 6, 2013
Wednesday, January 23, 2013
Exams
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Exams even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Exams in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Why should we have to do exams? I seriously feel that exams are a complete waste of time.
There is far too much time spent on exams! For one thing, how much time does it take just to get them ready for the students to do, probably hours and hours out of our teachers’ lives. It is also really hard on the students, they dread the day of exams because of all that studying. Why would anyone want to waste so much time on studying. The same material they have already learned and been tested on throughout the semester; to me it is useless. I bet you that if we did not have to do exams, more people would be passing.
Take public school , for an example. It was good because no-one ever failed. In public school you never had to do any exams, it was perfect! The last day of public school was always the most fun. You got your report card, it was easy riding. I think that’s the way it should be. I also feel that there should be a vote across Canada to see if others feel the same way as I do. I think that would be a good way to do things.
Just think how much easer it would be! You could go home and never have to think about those awful exams. At the end of the year if you had an average of fifty percent and there were no exams you would know that you passed and you could go home and tell your parents the good news. But if you go into the exam with a fifty percent and you didn’t know if you were going to pass or not , you’re scared that if you don’t pass, you will go home and tell your mom the bad news and you will get in a fight about how important school is. So it would most definitely be easier on everybody if there were no exams!
So in conclusion I have pointed out every reason why I do not think exams should exist, so I hope you have listened, and I hope you’ll agree with some of the things I had to say.
Mind that the sample papers like Exams presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Why should we have to do exams? I seriously feel that exams are a complete waste of time.
There is far too much time spent on exams! For one thing, how much time does it take just to get them ready for the students to do, probably hours and hours out of our teachers’ lives. It is also really hard on the students, they dread the day of exams because of all that studying. Why would anyone want to waste so much time on studying. The same material they have already learned and been tested on throughout the semester; to me it is useless. I bet you that if we did not have to do exams, more people would be passing.
Take public school , for an example. It was good because no-one ever failed. In public school you never had to do any exams, it was perfect! The last day of public school was always the most fun. You got your report card, it was easy riding. I think that’s the way it should be. I also feel that there should be a vote across Canada to see if others feel the same way as I do. I think that would be a good way to do things.
Just think how much easer it would be! You could go home and never have to think about those awful exams. At the end of the year if you had an average of fifty percent and there were no exams you would know that you passed and you could go home and tell your parents the good news. But if you go into the exam with a fifty percent and you didn’t know if you were going to pass or not , you’re scared that if you don’t pass, you will go home and tell your mom the bad news and you will get in a fight about how important school is. So it would most definitely be easier on everybody if there were no exams!
So in conclusion I have pointed out every reason why I do not think exams should exist, so I hope you have listened, and I hope you’ll agree with some of the things I had to say.
Mind that the sample papers like Exams presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Monday, October 22, 2012
favorite out door place
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like favorite out door place even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like favorite out door place in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
There is an outdoor place that is very special to me. There have been a lot of feelings and emotions associated with it, everything from the romantic sunset, to the feel of the cool breeze from the lake. The getaway, which is located at the dunes, is a place that I love to go to get away from it all. The first time I went there was with my girlfriend, Lauren, about a year ago. It was a surprise for her on our one year anniversary. I took her out of the car and strolled up the cold sand. I grabbed her hand and I could feel the heat coming off her palm. We got to the top, where we could see the entire lake, sat down and laid out a blanket. As I’m lying there with her in my arms waiting for the sunset, I see the sun reflecting off the water and making the sand we’re sitting on sparkle. A couple of leaves from the surrounding trees looked so vivid that it was like looking into an oil painting. The few clouds in the sky were mostly white, but looked amazing with the sun’s rays in the background.
As we sit and wait for this magical moment to arrive, I hear the waves from the lake wash up on the shore. A few birds fly over head making noises of hunger as they pass. I can hear Lauren’s breath start to weaken as she gets relaxed on top of the soft blanket. The bugs in the background sound like an orchestra. I smell her perfume mixed in with the resounding smell of leaves falling from the trees. As we watch this magical moment I can taste her sweet cherry flavored lip gloss as we indulge into each other’s arms. As the bright yellow and orange mixed sphere finally settles behind the crystal azure lake, we both see the reflection in our eyes and wish this moment would last forever.
When I read the article by Keith Goetzman’s called “the late, great outdoors” the idea of retreating to an artificial environment was introduced. He brought up the point “I am opposed to taking a backhoe and a cement truck to the river; supposedly make it more ‘fun’. It strikes me as obscene (0). However, indoor activities such as artificial beaches, sunlight, and lakes would take all the magical and fun moments in life, such as the one I experienced with my girlfriend above, away.
The beach, one of the most fun places to go, if taken in to an artificial environment would be one of the most ignorant things I could think of. Artificial environments have caught on for various reasons Goetzman explains, “It’s more convenient, why would we drive 00 miles to participate”? (0). If someone couldn’t experience a real sunset on a beach, or lake, an artificial one wouldn’t be half bad. Having one made instead of the real thing is better than having nothing at all.
If the opportunity arose where I had to choose between an artificial sunset and the real thing, I would go with the real sunset. As Goetzman explains, a lot of teenagers would rather have an artificial environment. Goetzman writes “If I’m in the mountains, I’m out of cell-phone coverage, and I can’t do that” (10). The beach that I was on did cover my cell phone range, but I could see it as a problem if the beaches in other parts of the United States are more elevated. Other outdoor enthusiasts though, prefer to have the environment stay where it belongs, outside. “The environment is as important as the technical difficulties, if not more so” (Goetzman 10).
The outdoors is one of the most peaceful places to be on earth. The beauty of nature, the rush you get when you reach the top of a mountain for the view, or just the feeling when you look into a sunset with the person you love. If a sunset on a beach or lake couldn’t be experienced from where the person is located, an artificial one would compensate. However, you can’t make an artificial environment as detailed as the real thing.
Mind that the sample papers like favorite out door place presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
There is an outdoor place that is very special to me. There have been a lot of feelings and emotions associated with it, everything from the romantic sunset, to the feel of the cool breeze from the lake. The getaway, which is located at the dunes, is a place that I love to go to get away from it all. The first time I went there was with my girlfriend, Lauren, about a year ago. It was a surprise for her on our one year anniversary. I took her out of the car and strolled up the cold sand. I grabbed her hand and I could feel the heat coming off her palm. We got to the top, where we could see the entire lake, sat down and laid out a blanket. As I’m lying there with her in my arms waiting for the sunset, I see the sun reflecting off the water and making the sand we’re sitting on sparkle. A couple of leaves from the surrounding trees looked so vivid that it was like looking into an oil painting. The few clouds in the sky were mostly white, but looked amazing with the sun’s rays in the background.
As we sit and wait for this magical moment to arrive, I hear the waves from the lake wash up on the shore. A few birds fly over head making noises of hunger as they pass. I can hear Lauren’s breath start to weaken as she gets relaxed on top of the soft blanket. The bugs in the background sound like an orchestra. I smell her perfume mixed in with the resounding smell of leaves falling from the trees. As we watch this magical moment I can taste her sweet cherry flavored lip gloss as we indulge into each other’s arms. As the bright yellow and orange mixed sphere finally settles behind the crystal azure lake, we both see the reflection in our eyes and wish this moment would last forever.
When I read the article by Keith Goetzman’s called “the late, great outdoors” the idea of retreating to an artificial environment was introduced. He brought up the point “I am opposed to taking a backhoe and a cement truck to the river; supposedly make it more ‘fun’. It strikes me as obscene (0). However, indoor activities such as artificial beaches, sunlight, and lakes would take all the magical and fun moments in life, such as the one I experienced with my girlfriend above, away.
The beach, one of the most fun places to go, if taken in to an artificial environment would be one of the most ignorant things I could think of. Artificial environments have caught on for various reasons Goetzman explains, “It’s more convenient, why would we drive 00 miles to participate”? (0). If someone couldn’t experience a real sunset on a beach, or lake, an artificial one wouldn’t be half bad. Having one made instead of the real thing is better than having nothing at all.
If the opportunity arose where I had to choose between an artificial sunset and the real thing, I would go with the real sunset. As Goetzman explains, a lot of teenagers would rather have an artificial environment. Goetzman writes “If I’m in the mountains, I’m out of cell-phone coverage, and I can’t do that” (10). The beach that I was on did cover my cell phone range, but I could see it as a problem if the beaches in other parts of the United States are more elevated. Other outdoor enthusiasts though, prefer to have the environment stay where it belongs, outside. “The environment is as important as the technical difficulties, if not more so” (Goetzman 10).
The outdoors is one of the most peaceful places to be on earth. The beauty of nature, the rush you get when you reach the top of a mountain for the view, or just the feeling when you look into a sunset with the person you love. If a sunset on a beach or lake couldn’t be experienced from where the person is located, an artificial one would compensate. However, you can’t make an artificial environment as detailed as the real thing.
Mind that the sample papers like favorite out door place presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
college athletes gambling
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like college athletes gambling even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like college athletes gambling in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
COLLEGE ATHLETES GAMBLING
When you are watching your favorite college team play in a championship game and the team is winning, then all of sudden the other opponent comes back to win by some kind of miracle. Do you ever wander if that game was fixed? We’ll if your answer is yes, then your probably right. This is a major problem for the NCAA, to sports clean on the collegiate level. A problem that used to go unnoticed, but now it is major concern for universities and the NCAA program. Gambling by college student athletes has become one of the greatest concerns among coaches and athletic directors around the nation. You have college players risking their athletic career betting or shaving points on their team for money. Some players into gambling by accident, like for example, a friendly bet can turn into a gambling addiction. Some athletes get into gambling as a way to support themselves financial, since NCAA rules restrict college players from working. Although law enforcements have tried to fight gambling in college, it hasn’t stopped athletes from getting involved into gambling. Players that do get caught gambling lose a year of eligibility from playing on their team, and even lose all their eligibility (meaning that they may never again be able to participate in college sports). But college athletes will continue to gamble in school, unless the NCAA comes up with way to better help students financially. Over the years, ever since college football and men’s basketball have become big, big business. The NCAA at least can give these college athletes something, rather its money to go to the movies or even laundry money. Universities get paid a lot of money for being in tournaments, I think they can least share the wealth and reward these players.
Some experts say that internet is one of the problems why gambling in college is bad. With so many web sites focused on betting, it is so easy for an athletic player to join a website based on gambling. Players can join under an alias name place his bet on a game, without every getting caught. Web sites like Betonsports.com say “is setting odds and taking wages on the next developments on the war in Iraq”. Too often, in the world of sports, and increasingly in college athletics, Americans open the newspaper or turn on the television only to be met with stories of scandal � star athletes involved in point shaving, college-age bookies, illegal Internet sports betting (Goodlatte). Internet gambling has rose over the past five years, to having 1,400 Web sites. But despite federal and state laws prohibiting sports gambling over the internet, operators continue to market their products in the United States. You see advertisement in magazines for gambling all the teasing kids to place bets on the internet. An NCAA study found that 5 percent of college athletes said they had wagered on games they were involved in and . percent said they had tried to change the outcome of a game they had bet on (Arnold). Gambling over the internet is growing at such a high rate, that the NCAA urged senators to pass a legislation aimed to shut down gambling websites. Steven, a college student from Pennsylvania, is a straight-A student in high school. Already has a gambling debt of $0,000 making college bets on internet (Nandagiri). The emergence of Internet gambling now enables students and athletic players to wager behind closed doors, anonymously, and with the guarantee of absolute privacy.
Mind that the sample papers like college athletes gambling presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
COLLEGE ATHLETES GAMBLING
When you are watching your favorite college team play in a championship game and the team is winning, then all of sudden the other opponent comes back to win by some kind of miracle. Do you ever wander if that game was fixed? We’ll if your answer is yes, then your probably right. This is a major problem for the NCAA, to sports clean on the collegiate level. A problem that used to go unnoticed, but now it is major concern for universities and the NCAA program. Gambling by college student athletes has become one of the greatest concerns among coaches and athletic directors around the nation. You have college players risking their athletic career betting or shaving points on their team for money. Some players into gambling by accident, like for example, a friendly bet can turn into a gambling addiction. Some athletes get into gambling as a way to support themselves financial, since NCAA rules restrict college players from working. Although law enforcements have tried to fight gambling in college, it hasn’t stopped athletes from getting involved into gambling. Players that do get caught gambling lose a year of eligibility from playing on their team, and even lose all their eligibility (meaning that they may never again be able to participate in college sports). But college athletes will continue to gamble in school, unless the NCAA comes up with way to better help students financially. Over the years, ever since college football and men’s basketball have become big, big business. The NCAA at least can give these college athletes something, rather its money to go to the movies or even laundry money. Universities get paid a lot of money for being in tournaments, I think they can least share the wealth and reward these players.
Some experts say that internet is one of the problems why gambling in college is bad. With so many web sites focused on betting, it is so easy for an athletic player to join a website based on gambling. Players can join under an alias name place his bet on a game, without every getting caught. Web sites like Betonsports.com say “is setting odds and taking wages on the next developments on the war in Iraq”. Too often, in the world of sports, and increasingly in college athletics, Americans open the newspaper or turn on the television only to be met with stories of scandal � star athletes involved in point shaving, college-age bookies, illegal Internet sports betting (Goodlatte). Internet gambling has rose over the past five years, to having 1,400 Web sites. But despite federal and state laws prohibiting sports gambling over the internet, operators continue to market their products in the United States. You see advertisement in magazines for gambling all the teasing kids to place bets on the internet. An NCAA study found that 5 percent of college athletes said they had wagered on games they were involved in and . percent said they had tried to change the outcome of a game they had bet on (Arnold). Gambling over the internet is growing at such a high rate, that the NCAA urged senators to pass a legislation aimed to shut down gambling websites. Steven, a college student from Pennsylvania, is a straight-A student in high school. Already has a gambling debt of $0,000 making college bets on internet (Nandagiri). The emergence of Internet gambling now enables students and athletic players to wager behind closed doors, anonymously, and with the guarantee of absolute privacy.
Mind that the sample papers like college athletes gambling presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Management 363
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Management 363 even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Management 363 in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Abstract
The purpose of interviewing Mrs. O’Neal was to enhance the interviewer’s skills and to learn about the management function of her organization. Mrs. O’Neal gave information about her personal life and how she had improved her career and became a manager without a college degree.
Managing the Home and family
Mrs. O’Neal has been married for years and has a 1 year-old son who is studying computer science at the Georgia Institute of Technology. She goes to school full time at Mercer, taking three courses each session, and in addition works about 50 hours a week. Her husband, who is 5 and retired last year after a thirty-year career at Bell South, manages the house to buy groceries, do the laundry and physically does the housework with the help of a housekeeper who cleans once a week. He even sets the alarm for 50 A.M., wakes her, and prepares the shower.
Employment History and Advancement to become a Manager
Mrs. O’Neal revealed that she has had a career as an accountant for twenty years and has been the Controller of the Southeast Specialty Millwork Company for the last five years. She began her career by applying for a computer job from a newspaper advertisement. She had no experience in computers, so the interviewer said she was not qualified for the job, but that there was an opening in Accounts Receivable. She started with no experience and after eighteen months was asked to head a new Purchasing Department. The responsibilities of managers of Accounts Receivable and Accounts Payable were then added. After ten years, the CEO of Fisher Business Systems sold the company. He then purchased Southeast Specialty Mill Works and asked Mrs. O’Neal to be the Controller. She had had a good relationship with him, always did a good job for him, and was able to multi-task and does so many other things.
Leadership and Management.
In conversation with Mrs. O’Neal, she was asked in which area she was stronger, leadership or management. She said, “It has to be a combination of the two, but I am stronger doing the tasks. I think that all the people can manage their own tasks. But if someone is away or something doesn’t get done, I can go into the department and do the job, and everyone knows that. They respect me, because I am no just sitting up there drinking coffee and saying, ‘do this, do that’. Similarly I trust the people that I have trained to do something in my absence. I relate to people that do their own work, not just tell other people to do it. I think that you get respect from your employers as a manager who doesn’t just manage, but does work as well.” Some people had to be fired. But the employees were talked to and accommodated in some ways, e.g. changing their workday hours. She believes it is fair to warn them and give them a second chance. If they still keep doing what is wrong, they don’t care. If they do not pay attention to the warning, Mrs. O’Neal said she, “had no qualms about firing them. I don’t care if you are hurt. I am sorry you have children to have to feed, but you were warned.”
Mrs. O’Neal does not have an accounting degree, but instead she has 15 years of experience in accounting and can do just about anything an accountant can do or even a CPA. When she worked with auditors, she would learn from them, try to understand why they did those things and asked questions. And she has always taken seminars on such things as, “How to Use Excel”.
Hard Core
Mrs. O’Neal said that she “is perceived as a bit ‘hard core’ by her co-workers”. She has a high work ethic, appreciates the opportunities she was given, and takes her responsibilities seriously. She said, “I am at work on time, I work until the job is done, and if assigned a task, it is completed because I am being paid to do that.”
Once a month she pays from her wallet her employee’s lunch, and pays for snacks and drinks to keep on hand for employees. When she gives raises she will take the employee to lunch and present a review. Then she takes them to lunch again for their approval.
Dealing with People and Problems
In the company there are 15 employees, six in accounting and the rest in administration. The receptionist, secretary to the President, the clerical person who works out in the plant, all of them report to Mrs. O’Neal who also manages the Accounts Receivable and the Accounts Payable Departments on a daily basis. She has her hands on everything in the company. But she expects that everyone has skills to do their jobs, and therefore does not watch over their shoulders. She expects people to come to her if there are problems, and work them out together. She says, “I am going to make sure that my job is done correctly and on time and I don’t care who I have to walk over to do that.” She has peers on her level, like the V. P. of Marketing and V. P of Sales, and may argue with them when her department does things correctly.
Ready for Change
Mrs. O’Neal has the drive to do more, which is the reason she enrolled in Mercer University to get a degree. Her boss, Mr. Fisher, is 5 years old and doesn’t want to work past the age of 6. He will sell the company soon and not buy another company. She would have to work for another company without him and may have to work in accounts receivable. No one will ever give her the opportunity to work at the level she works at now. She needs the degree from Mercer to get a job in
another company.
Change in the Corporate World
When asked how companies might change for the better, Mrs. O’Neal indicated that they might consider France as a model with their 6 hour workweek.
Now she never brings work home, but she does work about 5 hours a week. She likes the four weeks vacation time per year, which Europe has. She negotiated a four week vacation time, one week each quarter, when she became the Controller. The vacation time is as important to me as the salary.
The Future.
Mrs. O’Neal wants to get out of the corporate world and teach accounting, High School Level. That it is why she is going to Mercer and taking some education courses. She says, “Numbers are sometimes boring and I think I would be able to teach students, young people to appreciate numbers more.”
Mind that the sample papers like Management 363 presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Abstract
The purpose of interviewing Mrs. O’Neal was to enhance the interviewer’s skills and to learn about the management function of her organization. Mrs. O’Neal gave information about her personal life and how she had improved her career and became a manager without a college degree.
Managing the Home and family
Mrs. O’Neal has been married for years and has a 1 year-old son who is studying computer science at the Georgia Institute of Technology. She goes to school full time at Mercer, taking three courses each session, and in addition works about 50 hours a week. Her husband, who is 5 and retired last year after a thirty-year career at Bell South, manages the house to buy groceries, do the laundry and physically does the housework with the help of a housekeeper who cleans once a week. He even sets the alarm for 50 A.M., wakes her, and prepares the shower.
Employment History and Advancement to become a Manager
Mrs. O’Neal revealed that she has had a career as an accountant for twenty years and has been the Controller of the Southeast Specialty Millwork Company for the last five years. She began her career by applying for a computer job from a newspaper advertisement. She had no experience in computers, so the interviewer said she was not qualified for the job, but that there was an opening in Accounts Receivable. She started with no experience and after eighteen months was asked to head a new Purchasing Department. The responsibilities of managers of Accounts Receivable and Accounts Payable were then added. After ten years, the CEO of Fisher Business Systems sold the company. He then purchased Southeast Specialty Mill Works and asked Mrs. O’Neal to be the Controller. She had had a good relationship with him, always did a good job for him, and was able to multi-task and does so many other things.
Leadership and Management.
In conversation with Mrs. O’Neal, she was asked in which area she was stronger, leadership or management. She said, “It has to be a combination of the two, but I am stronger doing the tasks. I think that all the people can manage their own tasks. But if someone is away or something doesn’t get done, I can go into the department and do the job, and everyone knows that. They respect me, because I am no just sitting up there drinking coffee and saying, ‘do this, do that’. Similarly I trust the people that I have trained to do something in my absence. I relate to people that do their own work, not just tell other people to do it. I think that you get respect from your employers as a manager who doesn’t just manage, but does work as well.” Some people had to be fired. But the employees were talked to and accommodated in some ways, e.g. changing their workday hours. She believes it is fair to warn them and give them a second chance. If they still keep doing what is wrong, they don’t care. If they do not pay attention to the warning, Mrs. O’Neal said she, “had no qualms about firing them. I don’t care if you are hurt. I am sorry you have children to have to feed, but you were warned.”
Mrs. O’Neal does not have an accounting degree, but instead she has 15 years of experience in accounting and can do just about anything an accountant can do or even a CPA. When she worked with auditors, she would learn from them, try to understand why they did those things and asked questions. And she has always taken seminars on such things as, “How to Use Excel”.
Hard Core
Mrs. O’Neal said that she “is perceived as a bit ‘hard core’ by her co-workers”. She has a high work ethic, appreciates the opportunities she was given, and takes her responsibilities seriously. She said, “I am at work on time, I work until the job is done, and if assigned a task, it is completed because I am being paid to do that.”
Once a month she pays from her wallet her employee’s lunch, and pays for snacks and drinks to keep on hand for employees. When she gives raises she will take the employee to lunch and present a review. Then she takes them to lunch again for their approval.
Dealing with People and Problems
In the company there are 15 employees, six in accounting and the rest in administration. The receptionist, secretary to the President, the clerical person who works out in the plant, all of them report to Mrs. O’Neal who also manages the Accounts Receivable and the Accounts Payable Departments on a daily basis. She has her hands on everything in the company. But she expects that everyone has skills to do their jobs, and therefore does not watch over their shoulders. She expects people to come to her if there are problems, and work them out together. She says, “I am going to make sure that my job is done correctly and on time and I don’t care who I have to walk over to do that.” She has peers on her level, like the V. P. of Marketing and V. P of Sales, and may argue with them when her department does things correctly.
Ready for Change
Mrs. O’Neal has the drive to do more, which is the reason she enrolled in Mercer University to get a degree. Her boss, Mr. Fisher, is 5 years old and doesn’t want to work past the age of 6. He will sell the company soon and not buy another company. She would have to work for another company without him and may have to work in accounts receivable. No one will ever give her the opportunity to work at the level she works at now. She needs the degree from Mercer to get a job in
another company.
Change in the Corporate World
When asked how companies might change for the better, Mrs. O’Neal indicated that they might consider France as a model with their 6 hour workweek.
Now she never brings work home, but she does work about 5 hours a week. She likes the four weeks vacation time per year, which Europe has. She negotiated a four week vacation time, one week each quarter, when she became the Controller. The vacation time is as important to me as the salary.
The Future.
Mrs. O’Neal wants to get out of the corporate world and teach accounting, High School Level. That it is why she is going to Mercer and taking some education courses. She says, “Numbers are sometimes boring and I think I would be able to teach students, young people to appreciate numbers more.”
Mind that the sample papers like Management 363 presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, September 27, 2012
Thematic Analysis and Interpretation
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ýÜüSynopsis
Kafka’s short “A Hunger Artist” tells the story of a once well known professional hunger artist. During the time before “the interest in professional fasting [had] markedly diminished,” the hunger artist was a great source of excitement for people. Kafka describes the way people once used to gather around the hunger artist’s cage and watch him as “he sat there pallid in black tights, with his ribs sticking out so prominently, not even on a seat but down among straw on the ground, sometimes giving a courteous nod, answering questions with a constrained smile, or perhaps stretching an arm through the bars so that one might feel how thin it was, and then again withdrawing deep within himself, paying no attention to anyone or anything, not even to the all-important striking of the clock that was the only piece of furniture in his cage, but merely staring into vacancy with half-shut eyes[.]” This description of the artist gives one the impression of a sort of ascetic on-show for people. Kafka also tells us about people’s true feelings about the performing ascetic. Though the children observed him in awe, the adults saw him “as a joke that happened to be in fashion.” People in general looked at the artist’s way with skepticism and disbelief. Some of them, the special “night-time watchers” (butchers who did not understand the artist’s fast), believed that the faster secretly ate “Nothing annoyed the artist more than such watchers; sometimes he mastered his feebleness sufficiently to sung during their watch for as long as he could keep going, to show them how unjust their suspicions were. But that was of little youth; they only wondered at his cleverness in being able to fill his mouth even while singing.”
This disbelief however, did not bother the artist as he eventually got used to it as a fact of his life. Since no one could watch the artist continuously, his was the only true satisfaction gained after the fasting period was over. It was a sense of personal dissatisfaction that really bothered the artist. Kafka hints that maybe fasting was not the only cause for his thinness. “The longest period of fasting was fixed by his impresario at forty days,” he states. The artist longed to go on further as he found fasting very easy and thus when the time came for him to leave his cage and eat, he was reluctant. The reason for the forty-day limit was that “[e]xperience had proved that forty days the interest of the public could be stimulated by a steadily increasing pressure of advertisement, but after that the town began to lose interest[.]”
After living thus for some years, fasting in regular intervals and being applauded by the world, the artist finds himself “deserted” as the “amusement-seekers” found more attractive entertainment elsewhere. Faced with this reality, the ascetic is forced to leave the impresario and hire himself to a circus. In the circus, his cage is placed, by his own decision, “outside, near the animal cages.” The artist naively believes that there is still interest in his fasting, but soon finds out that people are more attracted by the menagerie at the end of the “narrow gangway” on one side of which his cage is placed. After a while, nobody wishes to stop at his cage as the circus-goers are all on their way to the menagerie. They forget how long the artist has been fasting, how many records he has been breaking, until finally the circus attendant prompted by a visitor, remembers him. The artist reveals why he has been fasting for so long. “I couldn’t find the food I liked,” he says, before being buried. The circus replaces his cage with that of a young panther, which, in its eating and livelihood, holds visitors attention forever.
Thematic Analysis and Interpretation
The Hunger Artist is a story about asceticism that has lost its meaning. Modernity, Kafka tells us, is not entertained by avoidance of life--the hunger artists mystic asceticism--but by life itself--the panther. It is a highly symbolic story in its use of the comparison between the hunger artist and the panther. This contrast is the most important element in the story. The asceticism of the artist is mystic and religious; it is empty and propelled by a search for something better. But it is false, precisely because there is nothing better than life. Thus Kafka stresses the value of livelihood. The public lack of interest in the hunger artist is representative of the modern abandonment of spiritualism.
Mind that the sample papers like Thematic Analysis and Interpretation presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
ýÜüSynopsis
Kafka’s short “A Hunger Artist” tells the story of a once well known professional hunger artist. During the time before “the interest in professional fasting [had] markedly diminished,” the hunger artist was a great source of excitement for people. Kafka describes the way people once used to gather around the hunger artist’s cage and watch him as “he sat there pallid in black tights, with his ribs sticking out so prominently, not even on a seat but down among straw on the ground, sometimes giving a courteous nod, answering questions with a constrained smile, or perhaps stretching an arm through the bars so that one might feel how thin it was, and then again withdrawing deep within himself, paying no attention to anyone or anything, not even to the all-important striking of the clock that was the only piece of furniture in his cage, but merely staring into vacancy with half-shut eyes[.]” This description of the artist gives one the impression of a sort of ascetic on-show for people. Kafka also tells us about people’s true feelings about the performing ascetic. Though the children observed him in awe, the adults saw him “as a joke that happened to be in fashion.” People in general looked at the artist’s way with skepticism and disbelief. Some of them, the special “night-time watchers” (butchers who did not understand the artist’s fast), believed that the faster secretly ate “Nothing annoyed the artist more than such watchers; sometimes he mastered his feebleness sufficiently to sung during their watch for as long as he could keep going, to show them how unjust their suspicions were. But that was of little youth; they only wondered at his cleverness in being able to fill his mouth even while singing.”
This disbelief however, did not bother the artist as he eventually got used to it as a fact of his life. Since no one could watch the artist continuously, his was the only true satisfaction gained after the fasting period was over. It was a sense of personal dissatisfaction that really bothered the artist. Kafka hints that maybe fasting was not the only cause for his thinness. “The longest period of fasting was fixed by his impresario at forty days,” he states. The artist longed to go on further as he found fasting very easy and thus when the time came for him to leave his cage and eat, he was reluctant. The reason for the forty-day limit was that “[e]xperience had proved that forty days the interest of the public could be stimulated by a steadily increasing pressure of advertisement, but after that the town began to lose interest[.]”
After living thus for some years, fasting in regular intervals and being applauded by the world, the artist finds himself “deserted” as the “amusement-seekers” found more attractive entertainment elsewhere. Faced with this reality, the ascetic is forced to leave the impresario and hire himself to a circus. In the circus, his cage is placed, by his own decision, “outside, near the animal cages.” The artist naively believes that there is still interest in his fasting, but soon finds out that people are more attracted by the menagerie at the end of the “narrow gangway” on one side of which his cage is placed. After a while, nobody wishes to stop at his cage as the circus-goers are all on their way to the menagerie. They forget how long the artist has been fasting, how many records he has been breaking, until finally the circus attendant prompted by a visitor, remembers him. The artist reveals why he has been fasting for so long. “I couldn’t find the food I liked,” he says, before being buried. The circus replaces his cage with that of a young panther, which, in its eating and livelihood, holds visitors attention forever.
Thematic Analysis and Interpretation
The Hunger Artist is a story about asceticism that has lost its meaning. Modernity, Kafka tells us, is not entertained by avoidance of life--the hunger artists mystic asceticism--but by life itself--the panther. It is a highly symbolic story in its use of the comparison between the hunger artist and the panther. This contrast is the most important element in the story. The asceticism of the artist is mystic and religious; it is empty and propelled by a search for something better. But it is false, precisely because there is nothing better than life. Thus Kafka stresses the value of livelihood. The public lack of interest in the hunger artist is representative of the modern abandonment of spiritualism.
Mind that the sample papers like Thematic Analysis and Interpretation presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, September 11, 2012
blackberrying
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like blackberrying even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like blackberrying in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
“Blackberrying” described Plath’s life for once as being happy, she was happy in her new home where she could go blackberrying. The poem decribes blackberries in three ways. First the berries are described during the harvest and the great sensations you get while picking them. The second to define what happens when the berries get over developed and they end up falling off the bushes by themselves. The third part of the poem tells about how the mood can be switched from picking good berries to seeing the berries too ripe and falling off the bushes. The blackberries are fun to pick and very juicy. The consist of red and blue juices which, get all over your fingers when you pick them. The blackberries fill with flies when they are not picked right away, and the flies reun all the berries and there is nothing to pick. The only other thing that can make a person happy after the blackberries are gone is the sea, but the sea doesn’t come over often between the hills which, leave the place empty.
I think that Plath didn’t have a great life or rather felt her life was bad even when it wasn’t. The only thing that kept her motivated was the fact that where is lived she was able to go pick blackberries. The blackberries made he happy because she felt like she was helping the by picking them when they needed to be picked. She only got sad when she let them go to long and they became to ripe and bad. I think this is a good poem and really reflects how her life sometimes was. She always had ups and downs in her life and one of her high point in life was when she had the chance to pick blackberries.
Mind that the sample papers like blackberrying presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
“Blackberrying” described Plath’s life for once as being happy, she was happy in her new home where she could go blackberrying. The poem decribes blackberries in three ways. First the berries are described during the harvest and the great sensations you get while picking them. The second to define what happens when the berries get over developed and they end up falling off the bushes by themselves. The third part of the poem tells about how the mood can be switched from picking good berries to seeing the berries too ripe and falling off the bushes. The blackberries are fun to pick and very juicy. The consist of red and blue juices which, get all over your fingers when you pick them. The blackberries fill with flies when they are not picked right away, and the flies reun all the berries and there is nothing to pick. The only other thing that can make a person happy after the blackberries are gone is the sea, but the sea doesn’t come over often between the hills which, leave the place empty.
I think that Plath didn’t have a great life or rather felt her life was bad even when it wasn’t. The only thing that kept her motivated was the fact that where is lived she was able to go pick blackberries. The blackberries made he happy because she felt like she was helping the by picking them when they needed to be picked. She only got sad when she let them go to long and they became to ripe and bad. I think this is a good poem and really reflects how her life sometimes was. She always had ups and downs in her life and one of her high point in life was when she had the chance to pick blackberries.
Mind that the sample papers like blackberrying presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Saturday, September 1, 2012
"How I express my creativity"
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like "How I express my creativity" even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like "How I express my creativity" in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Creative self expression is, above all things, an art; it allows a person to translate intangible feelings and emotions�the essence of their being�to something the world can see and, at best, understand. For me, expressing my creativity is executed in an array of behaviors, including singing and the arts, but most predominately, through writing.
My greatest love will always be the manipulation of the written word. As a -year old-child, I would often sit wide-eyed in the hallway with my girlfriend Leila during those precious increments of “free time”, penning elaborate short stories of Barbies, witches, and laughable relatives, our curious minds filled to the brim with elan and youthful enthusiasm. Writing was an outlet, a release�some otherworldly place that I was welcomed into; a place far transcending the mediocrity and unevenness of a seemingly prosaic life.
As a young teenager, I discovered the unbelievable relief that came with writing poetry. When my boyfriend, Alex, relentlessly broke my heart, I turned not to my parents, or deviant behavior, or even to tears, but rather, to the comfort and solace of my Ticonderoga # and crisp white sheets of fluttery heaven. It indeed was quite a prolific period, and looking back on it now, the ordeal itself seemed so inconsequential. But I know intrinsically that without the hours of scrawling raw, overly sentimental lyrics, my broken heart may never have mended.
Freshman English was an artistic category unto itself. On countless occasions we were to write poems, stories, essays, responses. The most memorable of assignments were the adaptation of the George Ella Lyon “I am from” poem and the essay on the Aeniad, where we had to assume the role of one of the characters. Both works were the recipients of meritorious praise, but more importantly, personal growth. The way I could shed my skin and become Queen Dido, embody the sheer quintessence of the heartbroken deity, showed me how much writing could mean.
During my junior year, my affection for creative writing was augmented even further, due to the inspiration and energy of my English teacher, Ms. Karasek. Throughout the year we were given coursework where our literary techniques were displayed in diverse formats. Incontrovertibly my favorite assignment consisted of writing a short story containing elements of Romanticism. I chose to illustrate the dismal and depressing life of a teenage girl who wished to commit suicide a la Edgar Allen Poe. Although my story far exceeded the two-page minimum, (in fact it was upwards of 14,000 words), the excitement and pure unadulterated high that it yielded made every hour worthwhile.
Even as I sit typing this essay, it is not a burden or a chore. It is not some horrible obligation that has been looming in the back of my mind for weeks and haunting me with its ubiquitous and pressing existence. In fact, it is somewhat therapeutic, for it grants me the opportunity to recapitulate just how much creative expression through writing has enhanced my life.
Mind that the sample papers like "How I express my creativity" presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Creative self expression is, above all things, an art; it allows a person to translate intangible feelings and emotions�the essence of their being�to something the world can see and, at best, understand. For me, expressing my creativity is executed in an array of behaviors, including singing and the arts, but most predominately, through writing.
My greatest love will always be the manipulation of the written word. As a -year old-child, I would often sit wide-eyed in the hallway with my girlfriend Leila during those precious increments of “free time”, penning elaborate short stories of Barbies, witches, and laughable relatives, our curious minds filled to the brim with elan and youthful enthusiasm. Writing was an outlet, a release�some otherworldly place that I was welcomed into; a place far transcending the mediocrity and unevenness of a seemingly prosaic life.
As a young teenager, I discovered the unbelievable relief that came with writing poetry. When my boyfriend, Alex, relentlessly broke my heart, I turned not to my parents, or deviant behavior, or even to tears, but rather, to the comfort and solace of my Ticonderoga # and crisp white sheets of fluttery heaven. It indeed was quite a prolific period, and looking back on it now, the ordeal itself seemed so inconsequential. But I know intrinsically that without the hours of scrawling raw, overly sentimental lyrics, my broken heart may never have mended.
Freshman English was an artistic category unto itself. On countless occasions we were to write poems, stories, essays, responses. The most memorable of assignments were the adaptation of the George Ella Lyon “I am from” poem and the essay on the Aeniad, where we had to assume the role of one of the characters. Both works were the recipients of meritorious praise, but more importantly, personal growth. The way I could shed my skin and become Queen Dido, embody the sheer quintessence of the heartbroken deity, showed me how much writing could mean.
During my junior year, my affection for creative writing was augmented even further, due to the inspiration and energy of my English teacher, Ms. Karasek. Throughout the year we were given coursework where our literary techniques were displayed in diverse formats. Incontrovertibly my favorite assignment consisted of writing a short story containing elements of Romanticism. I chose to illustrate the dismal and depressing life of a teenage girl who wished to commit suicide a la Edgar Allen Poe. Although my story far exceeded the two-page minimum, (in fact it was upwards of 14,000 words), the excitement and pure unadulterated high that it yielded made every hour worthwhile.
Even as I sit typing this essay, it is not a burden or a chore. It is not some horrible obligation that has been looming in the back of my mind for weeks and haunting me with its ubiquitous and pressing existence. In fact, it is somewhat therapeutic, for it grants me the opportunity to recapitulate just how much creative expression through writing has enhanced my life.
Mind that the sample papers like "How I express my creativity" presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Monday, August 20, 2012
Managers and the process of Change
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Managers and the process of Change even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Managers and the process of Change in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Managers And The Process Of Change
In today’s highly complex world, organizations need to continuously adapt to new situations if they are to survive and prosper. The current trend is toward the learning organization, which is the epitome of continuous change and growth. The learning organization engages everyone in problem solving and continuous improvement based on the lessons experience. Managers facilitate two change requirements initiation and implementation. The learning organization simultaneously embraces two types of planned change operational change, based on organizational efforts to improve basic work and organizational processes in different areas of the business, and transformational change, which involves redesign and renewal of the total organization. Changed can be managed. By observing external trends, patterns, and needs, managers use planned change to help the organization adapt to external problems and opportunities. When organizations are caught flat-footed, failing to anticipate or respond to new needs, managers is at fault. Four events make up the change sequence 1) internal and external forces for change exist ) organization managers monitor these forces and become aware of a need for change and ) the perceived need triggers the initiation of change, which 4) is then implemented. How each of these activities is handled depends on the organization and styles of managers. Forces for organizational change exist both in the external environment and within the organization. Internal forces for change arise from internal activities and decisions. If top managers select a goal of rapid company growth, internal actions will have to be changed to meet that growth, internal actions will have to be changed to meet that growth. The need for change external and internal forces translate into a perceived need for change within the organization. Managers sense a need for change when there is a performance gap a disparity between existing and desired performance levels. Managers try to establish a sense of urgency so that others will understand the need change. Management’s responsibility is to monitor threats and opportunities in the external environment as well as strengths and weakness within the organization to determine whether a need for change exists. After the need of change has been perceived and communicated , the next part of the change, a truly critical aspect of change management. This is where the ideas that solve perceived needs are developed. Responses that an organization can make are to search for or create a change to adopt. Search is the process of learning about current developments inside or outside the organization that can be used to meet the perceived need for change. Search typically uncovers existing knowledge that can be applied or adopted within the organization. Managers do this by talking to friends and colleagues, read professional reports, or hire consultants to learn about ideas used elsewhere. Initiating a new response means that managers must design the organization so as to facilitate creativity of both individuals and departments, encourage innovative people to initiate new ideas , or create new-venture departments. Creativity involves generating novel ideas that have the potential to meet perceived needs or respond to opportunities. Creativity is the essential first step in innovation, which is vital to long- term organizational success. Everyone has the capacity to be creative. Creative people often are known for originality, open mildness, curiosity, a focused approach to problem solving, persistence, a relaxed and playful attitude, and receptivity to new ideas. Companies or departments within companies can be organized specifically for generating creative ideas initiating changes. Most companies want highly creative employees and often seek to hire them. Another responsibility of managers is to create a work environment that allows creativity to flourish. Creative organizations are loosely structured. People find themselves is a situation of ambiguity, assignments, are vague, territories overlap[, tasks are abstractly defined, and much work is done through teams.
Open channels of communication, overlapping jobs, discretionary resources, decentralization, and freedom of the employees to choose problems and make mistakes can generate unexpected benefits for companies. If creative conditions are successful, new ideas will be generated that must be carried forward for acceptance and implementation. This is where an idea champion comes in. An idea champion is a person who sees the need for and champions productive change within the organization. Change does not occur by itself. Personal energy and effort are required to successfully promote a new idea. Champions are passionately committed to a new product or idea despite its potential for rejection by others, including management.
Championing an idea successfully requires four roles within the organization. The inventor develops a new idea and understands its technical value but has neither the ability nor the interest to promote it for acceptance within the organization. The champion believes in the idea, confronts the organizational realities of costs and benefits, and gains the political and financial support needed to bring it to reality. The sponsor is a high level manager who approves the idea, protects it, and removes major organizational barriers to acceptance. The critic counterbalances the zeal of the champion by challenging the concept and providing reality checks with hard nosed criteria. The critic prevents people in the other roles from adopting a bad idea. Managers can directly influence whether champions will flourish.
Creative culture, idea champions, and new venture teams are ways to facilitate the initiation of new ideas. The other step to be managed in the change process is implementation. One frustration for managers is that employees often seem to resist change for no apparent reason. To effectively manage implementation process, managers should be aware of the reasons for employee resistance and be prepared to use techniques for obtaining employee cooperation. Major cooperate wide changes can be particularly difficult, as seen in focus on collaboration. Idea champions often discover that other employees are unenthusiastic about their new ideas. Members of the new venture group may be surprised when managers in the regular organization do not support or approve their innovations. Managers and employees not involved in an innovation often seem to prefer status quo. Employees appear to resist change for several reasons and understanding them helps managers implement change more effectively. Employees typically resist a change they believe will take away something of value. A proposed change in job design, structure or technology may lead to a perceived loss of power, prestige, pay, or company benefits. The fear of personal loss is perhaps the biggest obstacle to organizational change. Employees often do not understand the intended purpose of a change. Sometimes they distrust the intentions or perceived intentions behind it. Uncertainty occurs when there is lack of information about future events. It represents fear of the unknown. They do not know how change will affect them and worry about whether they will be able to meet the demands of a new procedure or technology. Many fail because they do not understand what it takes to be an entrepreneur. There’s many reasons for resistance to change like different assessments and goals.
Communication and education are used when solid information about the change is needed by users and others who may resist implementation. Education is especially important when the change involves new technical knowledge or users are unfamiliar with the idea. Participation involves users and potential resisters in designing the change. Participation also helps managers determine potential problems and understand the differences in perceptions of change among employees. Negotiation is a more formal means of achieving cooperation. Negotiation uses formal bargaining to win acceptance and approval of a desired change. Coercion is the exertion of formal power in order to force employees to change. Resisters are told to accept the change or loose rewards or even their jobs. In most cases, this approach is ineffective because employees will feel like victims, grow angry toward the managers and the proposed changes, and may even sabotage the changes. Coercion may be necessary in crisis situations when a rapid response is urgent. The visible support of top management also helps overcome resistance to change. Top management support symbolizes to all employees that the change is important for the organization. Top management support is especially important when a change involves multiple departments or when resources are being reallocated among departments. When top managers fail to support a project, they can inadvertently undercut it by issuing contradictory orders.
Now that we have seeing how the initiation and implementation of change can be carried out now we can look at the different types of change that can occur in the organization. The parts of the organization that can be changed and how managers can apply initiation and implementation ideas to each type of change. Organizations may innovate in one or more areas, depending on internal and external forces for change. There’s the technology change which is related to the organization’s production process. Technology changes are designed to make the production more efficient. The new product change in the organization’s product or output. New products innovations have major implications for an organization, because they often are an outcome of a new strategy and my be define a new market. Structural change involve the hierarchy of authority, goals, structural characteristics, administrative procedures and management systems. Cultural people change refers to a change in values, norms, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors of employees.
‘Moving organizations from current to future changed states is not easy and requires skills and knowledge some managers do not possess. The desperate call-to-arms, Change or Die� which can be heard echoing down the corridors of businesses everywhere � is evidence that leaders have recognized the need to change. Managers know that companies must be fast, flexible, responsive, resilient, and creative to survive. Most also know that current mind-sets, techniques, and tools are ineffective for creating such an organization. These people are displaying the talents required to successfully negotiate change. They are aware of the limitations around or within themselves and are willing to learn the necessary skills required to succeed as change managers. Change is the process of moving from one state to another. Just as moving house requires the massive packing of furniture and other items, change requires just as much preparations to be successful. Most people do not like change, they like things to remain the same. Changes require more effort to adapt. It threatens stability and security and people fear that they will not be able to cope. Resistance is the natural defense to such perceived threats. A good manager has to be able to work with and overcome resistance he/she must be able to control the whole process of change. With this in mind, I have considered the role of the manager, what his/her function is and what skills are required to enable him/her to be a successful change manager.’ Each of the functions can be seen as essential to managing emergent or planned change, however it is the balance of skills and knowledge combined that produces a successful change manager. With these points in mind we then consider organizations and their nature. Organizations � their nature and culture. Organizations are living social organisms, each with its own culture, character, nature, and identity. Every organization has its own history of success, which reinforces and strengthens the organization’s way of doing things. The older and more successful the organization, the stronger its culture, its nature, its identity becomes. The basic nature of a living social organism is naturally more fundamental, deeper in the hierarchy, and therefore much more powerful than business work processes, financial systems, business strategy, vision, supply chains, information technology, lean manufacturing, marketing plans, team behavior, corporate governance. All of these phenomena are important. But they are less fundamentally important than the basic nature of organizations as living social organisms. This critically important reality must be where any intervention starts. When this occurs, the intervention has a chance of working. To enable these managers must be able to combine their knowledge of the above systems with response ability. Determining where an organization has been, where it is currently, and where it is primarily poised to go next is critically important before any change is attempted. Indeed, what managers must do is discover the unique patterns and processes - and then work to influence them in a manner that helps the organization to help itself function more efficiently and effectively. The pattern of dynamic relationships at the organization level is culture, which explains why organizational culture is so powerful. It has everything to do with implementation and how success is actually achieved. No management idea, no matter how good, will work in practice or implementation if it does not fit the culture. Therefore managers have to consider how they can make the culture fit the plan. They do this by acknowledging which type of culture they are in, and then choosing which skills and knowledge they require to ‘fit’ the circumstances. For instance unpalatable truths such as redundancy, loss of power, will be presented to others in the most favorable light to them and their mind set, alternatively they may be eliminated from all information, with only points that are perceived as good being presented to those involved. The ethical considerations of this must then arise. Managers should be trained in sensitivity to enable them to relate to the workforce and understand them, in order to allay their fears effectively. There is also the consideration that if communication is not open or truthful that in future change proceedings there will be greater resistance and a lack of trust to overcome. Stretching any managers’ skill to the limit. Dawson (14) discusses the idea of communication and employee involvement being central to the process of change as a crucial consideration in overcoming the natural resistance that most employees feel. Communication and the mediums used must be must be considered carefully by management. It should be noted that the most popular management styles of the past twenty years or so have been imported from the Japanese, whose management styles reflect that communication with employees is vital to the success of the organization whether there is change occurring or not. Summary There will always be resistance to change, it is the nature of people that they like things to remain the same. A good manager has to be able to work with and overcome this resistance, he/she must be able to control the whole process of change. In order to do this they have to utilize and balance all of their knowledge and skills, whether they are traditional, modern, or most likely a mixture of the two. The different cultures that comprise organizations mean that there is no one prescriptive approach for successful change management, rather managers have to be aware of the present situation and have the ability to see the transition to the future proposed state. Therefore it is most likely for an ‘all rounder’ to precipitate successful change. This will be someone who has the ability to perform all of the key management functions as listed earlier as well as being able to diagnose, adapt and communicate.
Mind that the sample papers like Managers and the process of Change presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Managers And The Process Of Change
In today’s highly complex world, organizations need to continuously adapt to new situations if they are to survive and prosper. The current trend is toward the learning organization, which is the epitome of continuous change and growth. The learning organization engages everyone in problem solving and continuous improvement based on the lessons experience. Managers facilitate two change requirements initiation and implementation. The learning organization simultaneously embraces two types of planned change operational change, based on organizational efforts to improve basic work and organizational processes in different areas of the business, and transformational change, which involves redesign and renewal of the total organization. Changed can be managed. By observing external trends, patterns, and needs, managers use planned change to help the organization adapt to external problems and opportunities. When organizations are caught flat-footed, failing to anticipate or respond to new needs, managers is at fault. Four events make up the change sequence 1) internal and external forces for change exist ) organization managers monitor these forces and become aware of a need for change and ) the perceived need triggers the initiation of change, which 4) is then implemented. How each of these activities is handled depends on the organization and styles of managers. Forces for organizational change exist both in the external environment and within the organization. Internal forces for change arise from internal activities and decisions. If top managers select a goal of rapid company growth, internal actions will have to be changed to meet that growth, internal actions will have to be changed to meet that growth. The need for change external and internal forces translate into a perceived need for change within the organization. Managers sense a need for change when there is a performance gap a disparity between existing and desired performance levels. Managers try to establish a sense of urgency so that others will understand the need change. Management’s responsibility is to monitor threats and opportunities in the external environment as well as strengths and weakness within the organization to determine whether a need for change exists. After the need of change has been perceived and communicated , the next part of the change, a truly critical aspect of change management. This is where the ideas that solve perceived needs are developed. Responses that an organization can make are to search for or create a change to adopt. Search is the process of learning about current developments inside or outside the organization that can be used to meet the perceived need for change. Search typically uncovers existing knowledge that can be applied or adopted within the organization. Managers do this by talking to friends and colleagues, read professional reports, or hire consultants to learn about ideas used elsewhere. Initiating a new response means that managers must design the organization so as to facilitate creativity of both individuals and departments, encourage innovative people to initiate new ideas , or create new-venture departments. Creativity involves generating novel ideas that have the potential to meet perceived needs or respond to opportunities. Creativity is the essential first step in innovation, which is vital to long- term organizational success. Everyone has the capacity to be creative. Creative people often are known for originality, open mildness, curiosity, a focused approach to problem solving, persistence, a relaxed and playful attitude, and receptivity to new ideas. Companies or departments within companies can be organized specifically for generating creative ideas initiating changes. Most companies want highly creative employees and often seek to hire them. Another responsibility of managers is to create a work environment that allows creativity to flourish. Creative organizations are loosely structured. People find themselves is a situation of ambiguity, assignments, are vague, territories overlap[, tasks are abstractly defined, and much work is done through teams.
Open channels of communication, overlapping jobs, discretionary resources, decentralization, and freedom of the employees to choose problems and make mistakes can generate unexpected benefits for companies. If creative conditions are successful, new ideas will be generated that must be carried forward for acceptance and implementation. This is where an idea champion comes in. An idea champion is a person who sees the need for and champions productive change within the organization. Change does not occur by itself. Personal energy and effort are required to successfully promote a new idea. Champions are passionately committed to a new product or idea despite its potential for rejection by others, including management.
Championing an idea successfully requires four roles within the organization. The inventor develops a new idea and understands its technical value but has neither the ability nor the interest to promote it for acceptance within the organization. The champion believes in the idea, confronts the organizational realities of costs and benefits, and gains the political and financial support needed to bring it to reality. The sponsor is a high level manager who approves the idea, protects it, and removes major organizational barriers to acceptance. The critic counterbalances the zeal of the champion by challenging the concept and providing reality checks with hard nosed criteria. The critic prevents people in the other roles from adopting a bad idea. Managers can directly influence whether champions will flourish.
Creative culture, idea champions, and new venture teams are ways to facilitate the initiation of new ideas. The other step to be managed in the change process is implementation. One frustration for managers is that employees often seem to resist change for no apparent reason. To effectively manage implementation process, managers should be aware of the reasons for employee resistance and be prepared to use techniques for obtaining employee cooperation. Major cooperate wide changes can be particularly difficult, as seen in focus on collaboration. Idea champions often discover that other employees are unenthusiastic about their new ideas. Members of the new venture group may be surprised when managers in the regular organization do not support or approve their innovations. Managers and employees not involved in an innovation often seem to prefer status quo. Employees appear to resist change for several reasons and understanding them helps managers implement change more effectively. Employees typically resist a change they believe will take away something of value. A proposed change in job design, structure or technology may lead to a perceived loss of power, prestige, pay, or company benefits. The fear of personal loss is perhaps the biggest obstacle to organizational change. Employees often do not understand the intended purpose of a change. Sometimes they distrust the intentions or perceived intentions behind it. Uncertainty occurs when there is lack of information about future events. It represents fear of the unknown. They do not know how change will affect them and worry about whether they will be able to meet the demands of a new procedure or technology. Many fail because they do not understand what it takes to be an entrepreneur. There’s many reasons for resistance to change like different assessments and goals.
Communication and education are used when solid information about the change is needed by users and others who may resist implementation. Education is especially important when the change involves new technical knowledge or users are unfamiliar with the idea. Participation involves users and potential resisters in designing the change. Participation also helps managers determine potential problems and understand the differences in perceptions of change among employees. Negotiation is a more formal means of achieving cooperation. Negotiation uses formal bargaining to win acceptance and approval of a desired change. Coercion is the exertion of formal power in order to force employees to change. Resisters are told to accept the change or loose rewards or even their jobs. In most cases, this approach is ineffective because employees will feel like victims, grow angry toward the managers and the proposed changes, and may even sabotage the changes. Coercion may be necessary in crisis situations when a rapid response is urgent. The visible support of top management also helps overcome resistance to change. Top management support symbolizes to all employees that the change is important for the organization. Top management support is especially important when a change involves multiple departments or when resources are being reallocated among departments. When top managers fail to support a project, they can inadvertently undercut it by issuing contradictory orders.
Now that we have seeing how the initiation and implementation of change can be carried out now we can look at the different types of change that can occur in the organization. The parts of the organization that can be changed and how managers can apply initiation and implementation ideas to each type of change. Organizations may innovate in one or more areas, depending on internal and external forces for change. There’s the technology change which is related to the organization’s production process. Technology changes are designed to make the production more efficient. The new product change in the organization’s product or output. New products innovations have major implications for an organization, because they often are an outcome of a new strategy and my be define a new market. Structural change involve the hierarchy of authority, goals, structural characteristics, administrative procedures and management systems. Cultural people change refers to a change in values, norms, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors of employees.
‘Moving organizations from current to future changed states is not easy and requires skills and knowledge some managers do not possess. The desperate call-to-arms, Change or Die� which can be heard echoing down the corridors of businesses everywhere � is evidence that leaders have recognized the need to change. Managers know that companies must be fast, flexible, responsive, resilient, and creative to survive. Most also know that current mind-sets, techniques, and tools are ineffective for creating such an organization. These people are displaying the talents required to successfully negotiate change. They are aware of the limitations around or within themselves and are willing to learn the necessary skills required to succeed as change managers. Change is the process of moving from one state to another. Just as moving house requires the massive packing of furniture and other items, change requires just as much preparations to be successful. Most people do not like change, they like things to remain the same. Changes require more effort to adapt. It threatens stability and security and people fear that they will not be able to cope. Resistance is the natural defense to such perceived threats. A good manager has to be able to work with and overcome resistance he/she must be able to control the whole process of change. With this in mind, I have considered the role of the manager, what his/her function is and what skills are required to enable him/her to be a successful change manager.’ Each of the functions can be seen as essential to managing emergent or planned change, however it is the balance of skills and knowledge combined that produces a successful change manager. With these points in mind we then consider organizations and their nature. Organizations � their nature and culture. Organizations are living social organisms, each with its own culture, character, nature, and identity. Every organization has its own history of success, which reinforces and strengthens the organization’s way of doing things. The older and more successful the organization, the stronger its culture, its nature, its identity becomes. The basic nature of a living social organism is naturally more fundamental, deeper in the hierarchy, and therefore much more powerful than business work processes, financial systems, business strategy, vision, supply chains, information technology, lean manufacturing, marketing plans, team behavior, corporate governance. All of these phenomena are important. But they are less fundamentally important than the basic nature of organizations as living social organisms. This critically important reality must be where any intervention starts. When this occurs, the intervention has a chance of working. To enable these managers must be able to combine their knowledge of the above systems with response ability. Determining where an organization has been, where it is currently, and where it is primarily poised to go next is critically important before any change is attempted. Indeed, what managers must do is discover the unique patterns and processes - and then work to influence them in a manner that helps the organization to help itself function more efficiently and effectively. The pattern of dynamic relationships at the organization level is culture, which explains why organizational culture is so powerful. It has everything to do with implementation and how success is actually achieved. No management idea, no matter how good, will work in practice or implementation if it does not fit the culture. Therefore managers have to consider how they can make the culture fit the plan. They do this by acknowledging which type of culture they are in, and then choosing which skills and knowledge they require to ‘fit’ the circumstances. For instance unpalatable truths such as redundancy, loss of power, will be presented to others in the most favorable light to them and their mind set, alternatively they may be eliminated from all information, with only points that are perceived as good being presented to those involved. The ethical considerations of this must then arise. Managers should be trained in sensitivity to enable them to relate to the workforce and understand them, in order to allay their fears effectively. There is also the consideration that if communication is not open or truthful that in future change proceedings there will be greater resistance and a lack of trust to overcome. Stretching any managers’ skill to the limit. Dawson (14) discusses the idea of communication and employee involvement being central to the process of change as a crucial consideration in overcoming the natural resistance that most employees feel. Communication and the mediums used must be must be considered carefully by management. It should be noted that the most popular management styles of the past twenty years or so have been imported from the Japanese, whose management styles reflect that communication with employees is vital to the success of the organization whether there is change occurring or not. Summary There will always be resistance to change, it is the nature of people that they like things to remain the same. A good manager has to be able to work with and overcome this resistance, he/she must be able to control the whole process of change. In order to do this they have to utilize and balance all of their knowledge and skills, whether they are traditional, modern, or most likely a mixture of the two. The different cultures that comprise organizations mean that there is no one prescriptive approach for successful change management, rather managers have to be aware of the present situation and have the ability to see the transition to the future proposed state. Therefore it is most likely for an ‘all rounder’ to precipitate successful change. This will be someone who has the ability to perform all of the key management functions as listed earlier as well as being able to diagnose, adapt and communicate.
Mind that the sample papers like Managers and the process of Change presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Wednesday, August 15, 2012
What contribution does Taylorism make to modern day organisations?
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like What contribution does Taylorism make to modern day organisations? even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like What contribution does Taylorism make to modern day organisations? in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
F W Taylor was born in 1856 and died in 117 at the age of sixty one. Taylor was a key writer of the classical school of management structure and was an engineer at a steele works company believing in improving structure to improve efficiency. The purpose of this was to bring about maximum prosperity for the employer and the employee. Taylor believed that knowing objectives allows responsibilities to be allocated within the company creating the most effective structure. He also believed in specialisation, where work is divided between workers to be an important aspect of management structure.
Taylor had four underlying principles-
1)Science of work
)Scientific selection and progressive development of the worker.
)Bringing workers and science of work together.
4)Constant co-operation of the worker with management.
According to Taylor, administrative management emphasises functions of management. That all activities can be divided into groups either simple or complex, for example, technical activities, commercial activities, financial activities, security activities and accountancy activities.
Taylor believed there to be five functions of management, to plan, to organise, to control, to command and to co-ordinate. Planning will lead to a more satisfied workforce who are aware of their individual tasks. Organisation allows the workforce to be assigned tasks, therefore, creating a more relaxed atmosphere. Control allows the manager to lay down the rules. Commanding allows the manager to take charge of the workforce whilst remaining diplomatic. To co- ordinate is to organise the workforce in a way that is effective for the business.
Taylor created 14 management principles which are as follows
1)Division of work
)Authority and Responsibility
)Discipline
4)Unity of command
5)Unity of direction
6)Subordination of interests and general interests
7)Rennumeration of personnel
8)Centralisation
)Scaler Chain
10)Order
11)Equity
1)Stability of structure of personnel
1)Initiative
14)Espirit de Corps (Union is strength)
In conclusion to this essay, it has become apparent that Taylorism does make a considerable contribution to modern day organisation in his suggestion of suitable and effective forms of management which are obviously still put to use in todays successful businesses as his methods were one of the first used in management and are still in operation.
Mind that the sample papers like What contribution does Taylorism make to modern day organisations? presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
F W Taylor was born in 1856 and died in 117 at the age of sixty one. Taylor was a key writer of the classical school of management structure and was an engineer at a steele works company believing in improving structure to improve efficiency. The purpose of this was to bring about maximum prosperity for the employer and the employee. Taylor believed that knowing objectives allows responsibilities to be allocated within the company creating the most effective structure. He also believed in specialisation, where work is divided between workers to be an important aspect of management structure.
Taylor had four underlying principles-
1)Science of work
)Scientific selection and progressive development of the worker.
)Bringing workers and science of work together.
4)Constant co-operation of the worker with management.
According to Taylor, administrative management emphasises functions of management. That all activities can be divided into groups either simple or complex, for example, technical activities, commercial activities, financial activities, security activities and accountancy activities.
Taylor believed there to be five functions of management, to plan, to organise, to control, to command and to co-ordinate. Planning will lead to a more satisfied workforce who are aware of their individual tasks. Organisation allows the workforce to be assigned tasks, therefore, creating a more relaxed atmosphere. Control allows the manager to lay down the rules. Commanding allows the manager to take charge of the workforce whilst remaining diplomatic. To co- ordinate is to organise the workforce in a way that is effective for the business.
Taylor created 14 management principles which are as follows
1)Division of work
)Authority and Responsibility
)Discipline
4)Unity of command
5)Unity of direction
6)Subordination of interests and general interests
7)Rennumeration of personnel
8)Centralisation
)Scaler Chain
10)Order
11)Equity
1)Stability of structure of personnel
1)Initiative
14)Espirit de Corps (Union is strength)
In conclusion to this essay, it has become apparent that Taylorism does make a considerable contribution to modern day organisation in his suggestion of suitable and effective forms of management which are obviously still put to use in todays successful businesses as his methods were one of the first used in management and are still in operation.
Mind that the sample papers like What contribution does Taylorism make to modern day organisations? presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, August 14, 2012
technology
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like technology even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like technology in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
New technology and its rate of advancement affects our everyday life. To aid our understanding of computers and other technology and the role that they play, it is important to realise that historically, this technology is very new, and was not originally conceived for education purposes. The computer in the classroom, however, can be an invaluable tool as it has the potential to cater to all types of learners. The major reason for computer familiarity for students must surely be the fact that computers feature so prominently in everyday life, and the purpose of education is to prepare students for the real world. It is therefore the responsibility of all partners in education, to communicate effectively, ensuring that all learners are catered for in the best possible manner. In today’s ever-changing society, the need for computer literacy is apparent in all aspects of our lives. It is therefore necessary to include technology into the education of our children, to prepare students for a future that is computer based (Stockley, H. 14).
As its response to the aformentioned, Hatton Vale State School has a Learning Technology Policy Statement outlining the Aims, Objectives and Stratagies of the Technology Programme. In addition to this we now maintain a definite presence on the Internet. Our Web-site has been up and running for several months now. The advantages of this site are-
People all over the world can access us and experience Hatton Vale State School.
Students can easily access other educational sites from our Web-pages.
Student work is published for the whole world to see.
Students are encouraged to view the internet as something in which they are included.
The teaching staff, students and community in general have justifyable reason to be very proud of our School and its standard of excellence. Now the rest of the world can access our school and share in our successes, and most importantly, our students can access the rest of the world.
Mind that the sample papers like technology presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
New technology and its rate of advancement affects our everyday life. To aid our understanding of computers and other technology and the role that they play, it is important to realise that historically, this technology is very new, and was not originally conceived for education purposes. The computer in the classroom, however, can be an invaluable tool as it has the potential to cater to all types of learners. The major reason for computer familiarity for students must surely be the fact that computers feature so prominently in everyday life, and the purpose of education is to prepare students for the real world. It is therefore the responsibility of all partners in education, to communicate effectively, ensuring that all learners are catered for in the best possible manner. In today’s ever-changing society, the need for computer literacy is apparent in all aspects of our lives. It is therefore necessary to include technology into the education of our children, to prepare students for a future that is computer based (Stockley, H. 14).
As its response to the aformentioned, Hatton Vale State School has a Learning Technology Policy Statement outlining the Aims, Objectives and Stratagies of the Technology Programme. In addition to this we now maintain a definite presence on the Internet. Our Web-site has been up and running for several months now. The advantages of this site are-
People all over the world can access us and experience Hatton Vale State School.
Students can easily access other educational sites from our Web-pages.
Student work is published for the whole world to see.
Students are encouraged to view the internet as something in which they are included.
The teaching staff, students and community in general have justifyable reason to be very proud of our School and its standard of excellence. Now the rest of the world can access our school and share in our successes, and most importantly, our students can access the rest of the world.
Mind that the sample papers like technology presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, August 7, 2012
Transition and Reform: Chinese Business Environment
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Transition and Reform: Chinese Business Environment even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Transition and Reform: Chinese Business Environment in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Transition and Reform Treatment for China’s Healthcare System
Introduction
Chinese Healthcare policies are still in a transitional phase despite the many reforms that have been implemented during the Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin era over the past twenty-five years. Healthcare reform in China continues to evolve in a haphazard format seemingly reliant on experimental policies trying to institute market-oriented, rather than collective-oriented, health centers. Understanding the history of Chinese Healthcare policies and infrastructure of the Healthcare system since 14, the beginning of the Communist Era in China, is essential, and therefore will be presented for background informational purposes. During the post-Mao period of the 180’s and the 10’s healthcare reforms in the rural and urban areas of China have been dynamic and present a political and economic conundrum for present-day China.
Healthcare Under Mao
The healthcare system under Mao TseDung during his chairmanship in the years of 14 and 176 resided under the Ministry of Public Health. Mao and the Chinese Communist Party’s relationship with the Ministry of Public Health were far from cordial during these years. Mao’s purpose was to create one class of persons in the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Public Health did not seem conducive to this thought process. The Ministry’s focus in the furtherance of urban healthcare led Mao to action. In Mao’s “June 6th directive”, Mao laid blame on the Ministry for giving preference to “urban lords” and demanded putting the emphasis on the countryside. For this reason, medical education through universities dropped and urban doctor’s were sent to the rural areas and the countryside. With this directive, the distribution of healthcare was decentralized and spread into the rural areas of China . This is just one example of the healthcare reforms Mao brought into place.
The medical reforms Mao brought into place during his leadership were ones of simplicity and insight. Mao’s most important reforms in healthcare included the Cooperative Health Care Scheme (CHCS), a three-tier health care network, and the infamous “barefoot doctor” program . In the 150’s, Mao focused on public health and preventative treatment through “patriotic health campaigns”. The hope of these campaigns was to improve hygiene and sanitation among the populous. One example of these “patriotic health campaigns” is the war against the “four pests” that is, rats, sparrows, flies, and mosquitoes . Through these “patriotic health campaigns”, the health of the average Chinese person has been improved. Before the Chinese Communist Party took power in 14, the average life expectancy was 5 years of age . According to certain statistics, “Life expectancy rose - to 68 for men and 7 for women today. Infant mortality rates dropped, from 00 per 1,000 births to per 1,000.” In the 160’s, Mao instituted a position referred to as “barefoot doctors”. These “barefoot doctors” were a group of around one million farmers who were trained to provide basic medical treatment and healthcare in the rural areas .
Three-tier Healthcare Network
China’s healthcare system, under Mao, developed into a three-tiered system which consisted of village stations, township health centers, and county hospitals in rural healthcare. In the urban areas, the system was divided into street health stations, community health centers, and district hospitals . The services and levels of training and care for both urban and rural stations were about the same at each respective level of the three-tier system. Chinese citizens visited each level of healthcare according to the degree, or severity, of the injury or sickness. In the rural areas, the village medical stations are run by village doctors, previously known as “barefoot doctors”, who, on average, receive three to six months of medical training as well as two to three weeks of CE, or continuing education, each year . These village medical stations provided preventive healthcare, such as vaccines, as well as primary-care services in the villages. Village medical stations usually had about two doctors per 1,000 people. At the next level, the Township Health Centers, physicians with and average of three years of medical school education are on staff. Usually these centers have between ten and twenty beds for patients . Township Health Centers usually focused on outpatient care because of the lack of beds in the centers. These centers usually served about 10,000 to 0,000 people. Finally, at the third level are County Hospitals. These medical treatment centers are usually supervised by physicians with and average of four to five years of medical school education. There are usually about 50 to 00 beds in a county hospital as well as a staff of nurses and technicians . The County Hospitals are the last level of the three-tier system and usually serve 00,000 to 600,000 people. Each level in the three-tier system provides a higher level and standard of medical care than the previous level.
Financing Healthcare in the Mao Era
The financing of healthcare in China, like the three-tiered system of healthcare provision, was also formed in a threefold system. These systems, gongfei yiliao or Government Employee Health Insurance, the laobao yiliao or Labor Health Insurance, and Rural Cooperative Medical System (RCMS), formed the primary systems of financing of healthcare in China. The gongfei yiliao covers insurance costs for government workers at all “political divisional levels (central, provincial, county, township, and village), including officials of labor unions, youth’s and women’s leagues, the staff of cultural, educational, health and research institutes and students at approved colleges and universities.” This form of insurance is completely funded by the government. The laobao yiliao, or Labor Health Insurance, is the insurance program used by State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). Under the laobao yiliao, “employees in state and collective enterprises and their immediate family members are entitled to full (for the employees themselves) or partial (for immediate family members) benefits.” The laobao yiliao is financed by the SOEs and other enterprises employing over 100 employees. Finally, the oldest form of financing healthcare is the Rural Cooperative Medical System (RCMS). Implemented in the 150’s, this system of medical care was instituted by the communes and brigades in the rural areas of China. The Rural Cooperative Medical System is financed by “yearly contributions paid by participants and subsidies from collective welfare funds.” This final branch of financing medical coverage in the rural areas as the RCMS is hailed as an impressive step in providing healthcare coverage in the countryside of China. According to some, “The accomplishments of this system were internationally regarded as an unprecedented feat in the creation of a nationwide medical system which effectively met the basic health care needs of the general population, including the widespread use of what is now called preventative medicine, while simultaneously taking major steps toward the eradication of major infectious diseases.” Statistics show that by the mid 170’s, The Rural Cooperative Medical System coved 0% of China’s rural population and “5% of the rural population had a collective medical system administered by their brigade with their own village health clinic.”
Modern Transition
China has been undergoing change and transition in recent years, and as a result, everything has not always occurred smoothly and efficiently. China’s healthcare system is an example of such a change. Indeed steps were made during the Mao era to give China an improved health system, but they were far from being complete. The system needed to be improved to keep up with China’s growing population, and increased demand for medical attention with longer life spans of the average citizen. Since the founding of the Peoples Republic, the goal of health programs has been to provide care to every member of the population and to make maximum use of limited health-care personnel, equipment, and financial resources. Over the last twenty years, reform has been the driving force behind the Chinese economy. Part of this reform has been a shift in emphasis from a central state controlled economy to a more planned market economy. The government has improved many of the inefficient outdated health care systems that were set in place during the Mao era, and one of the major goals has been to bring health care up to date. To say the least, this has not been an easy task for China’s leaders. China’s transition to modern health care has produced a certain amount of success as well
as many failures that continue to plague the system with setbacks.
Private Health Care
In the early 180’s China allowed private enterprises to enter the healthcare industry, in an attempt to strengthen healthcare availability. This type of private practice had been disallowed during the Mao years of the Cultural Revolution (166-176). As a result, “the disparity between rural and urban health has been exacerbated due to increased privatization. During this time, the rural peoples communes were dismantled, as was the cooperative medical system, which was organized and highly subsidized by the production brigades under the communes.” Overall, hospitals have had to find ways to generate more profits, by over prescribing drugs, overusing MRI’s and CAT scans, and by charging higher prices so that they could make money. This has resulted in poor health care. For hospitals, the drug income accounts for more than one half of their total income and in some medium-sized and small hospitals it is as high as 70 to 80 percent,
Failures In Transition
More than twenty years have elapsed since China changed its agricultural economic system. China is still struggling to find an equitable, efficient and sustainable way of financing and organizing its rural health services. One of the main problems with Chinese health care is that there is just not enough medical care available for China’s large population. Quality hospitals are just not available for the majority of the poorer rural areas, and even the ones in the urban areas are often inefficient and do not provide good healthcare. There are several reasons for this inefficiency 1) Staff directors have not always taken good records of finances in their hospitals. Health care directors have had no incentives to maintain good records, because any needed money to balance the budget was provided by the state. ) Administrators in the past have not had the power to fire or promote employees, which has led to virtually no incentives for employees to improve working skills or even provide quality health care for patients. Employees realized that they received payment and compensation regardless of the quality of their work. ) The Chinese government has reduced funding and support in many hospitals and healthcare programs in an attempt to make them more independent. This has put a strain on hospitals and rural health centers to generate enough profits to stay in business whereas previously the government has provided enough money to keep them running. In fact, the number of village health officials has been decreased by 18-% while the number of hospitals and health care centers have also decreased significantly at the township and village level.
Migrant Workers and Moral Economy
With China’s transition to a more planned market economy, there is a rise in the private sector of business and many jobs are created that are not required to provide employees with health care. On top of that, there is really no purchasable private or public health insurance available to individuals. With the increasing amount of jobs in the urban areas, there is an influx of workers going to the cities for work. Unfortunately, with China’s residency requirements migrant workers cannot qualify for state run jobs that provide health care. This is only a small part of the problem for the government who has only been able to provide some sort of medical care for one-half of the Chinese population. Rural and urban fieldwork conducted in the reform era indicates that most respondents believed in the governments responsibility to provide social welfare programs. This idea of a moral economy in which the government is responsible to provide society with such benefits is an issue seen in China. This is typical for a society where socialist ideals were implemented before the reform began. Elisabeth Croll explains this idea of governmental responsibility, rooted in a rhetorical and practical legacy of state socialism and such expectations of welfare support by the state have been fostered by an increasing sense of insecurity as a result of the rapid pace of market of welfare services and a new sense of inequality.
Unfortunately, quality health care is becoming a fee for service provided….leaving ninety-five percent of rural people without health insurance. People who have more money or better health benefits receive more and better health care. This is unfortunate for the majority of the Chinese people who are located in poor rural areas. For example, the cost of one average hospitalization would exceed the average annual income of 50 percent of the rural population. Meanwhile, medical costs nationwide have risen by 8 times in the past 0 years, making it too expensive for many Chinese to seek medical help, while leaving hospital beds in many regions empty. Where health care is very lacking, if any even exists. Governmental reforms have raised standards of medical care in urban areas, but have also widened the gap between urban and rural areas. Over eighty-percent of medical resources are now concentrated in urban areas, while poor rural residents suffer from shortages of medicine and doctors. Indeed the government has improved rural healthcare in recent years, but more still needs to be done.
Success In Transition
In spite of the many failures and shortcomings in Chinese health care, the overall system has been successfully reformed in perspective of a big picture where change is gradual and not instantaneous. The majority of the success has been seen in the urban areas where there is a greater amount of revenue available for the people to use. As a whole the Chinese transition from complete governmental control to a more independent market economy has been a slow process. In contrast to the determined efforts of the 180s, the health care reform movement had lost momentum in the 10s. It seems that the government has been much more lenient with the urban cities who have large populations of people. So it is apparent why there has been more emphasis on health care reform in the cities, and not in the poor rural areas. The hopeful goal would be for the success of the urban areas to spread out to the surrounding urban areas. This effect has begun to spread out and many rural towns are improving health care. The officials, however, insisted reform was drastically needed as Chinas decrepit health care system was falling apart after 50 years of doling out increasingly inefficient and backward medical services in the cradle-to-grave social welfare system.
Conclusion
The interesting thing about Chinese health care is that it is constantly changing to fit the demands of a seemingly market economy as well as governmental control. In order to analyze the current system, an understanding of Chinese history starting with the Mao era is necessary to look at the entire picture. The improvements under Mao’s implementation of the Cooperative Healthcare scheme, as well as reforms under Deng Xiaoping have ultimately led to the successes and failures of China’s health care system. Indeed there are still many uncertainties about the future of Chinese health care, and there probably will continue to be for a long time. It is important to look at the modern transition of Chinese health care as the society moves towards a more market steered economy. The government has succeeded in replacing some of the inefficient and outdated systems with better working programs, but there is still much that needs to be done for the majority of the rural population who are in dire need of affordable quality health care.
http//hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/huang-.php In his infamous June 6 Directive, Mao vehemently criticized the Ministry for paying attention only to urban lords and called for putting the emphasis on the countryside.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Health care provision was greatly decentralized and diffused throughout the countryside and city neighborhoods during the Maoist era.
http//www.amityfoundation.org/Amity/anl/Issue_56_1/gap.htm In the past, Chinas rural health care system, established in 14, incorporated a Cooperative Health Care Scheme (CHCS), a three-tier health care network and the barefoot doctors system.
http//memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy@field(DOCID+cn006) An emphasis on public health and preventive treatment characterized health policy from the beginning of the 150s. At that time the party began to mobilize the population to engage in mass patriotic health campaigns aimed at improving the low level of environmental sanitation and hygiene and attacking certain diseases. One of the best examples of this approach was the mass assaults on the four pests--rats, sparrows, flies, and mosquitoes--and on schistosoma-carrying snails.
http//www.amarillonet.com/stories/17/hea_china.shtml The average life expectancy was 5.
http//www.amarillonet.com/stories/17/hea_china.shtml Life expectancy rose - to 68 for men and 7 for women today. Infant mortality rates dropped, from 00 per 1,000 births to per 1,000.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/10606.shtml …barefoot doctor, one of a million farmers trained to provide basic health care to rural Chinese during the more revolutionary 160s.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm The tiers consist of village stations, township health centers, and county hospitals in the rural sector and street health stations, community health centers, and district hospitals in the urban areas.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm Village stations are staffed by village doctors who are trained for three to six months after junior high school and receive an average of two to three weeks of continuing education each year.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm Township health centers usually have 10 to 0 beds overseen by a physician with three years of medical school education after high school, aided by assistant physicians and village doctors.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm County hospitals usually have 50 to 00 beds and are staffed by physicians with four to five years of medical training after high school, as well as by nurses and technicians.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Gongfei yiliao or Government Employee Health Insurance, provides coverage for government workers at all political divisional levels (central, provincial, county, township, and village), including officials of labor unions, youths and womens leagues, the staff of cultural, educational, health and research institutes and students at approved colleges and universities.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm The laobao yiliao, or Labor Health Insurance, is a system under which employees in state and collective enterprises and their immediate family members are entitled to full (for the employees themselves) or partial (for immediate family members) benefits.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm … funded by yearly contributions paid by participants and subsidies from collective welfare funds.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm The accomplishments of this system were internationally regarded as an unprecedented feat in the creation of a nationwide medical system which effectively met the basic health care needs of the general population, including the widespread use of what is now called preventative medicine, while simultaneously taking major steps toward the eradication of major infectious diseases.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm At the peak or expansion prior to economic reforms, CMS [Cooperative Medical System] covered 0% or China’s rural population.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm …5% of the rural population had a collective medical system administered by their brigade with their own village health clinic.
http//memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy@field(DOCID+cn006) Since the founding of the Peoples Republic, the goal of health programs has been to provide care to every member of the population and to make maximum use of limited health-care personnel, equipment, and financial resources.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htmThe disparity between rural and urban health has been exacerbated due to increased privatization. During the 180s, the rural peoples communes were dismantled, as was the cooperative medical system, which was organized and highly subsidized by the production brigades under the communes.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Consequently, hospitals use more drugs and tests such as MRIs and CAT scans to generate greater profits.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/705.shtmlFor hospitals, the drug income accounts for more than one half of their total income and in some medium-sized and small hospitals it is as high as 70 to 80 percent,
http//www.insp.mx/ichsri/main/5.html More than twenty years have elapsed since China changed its agricultural economic system and China is still struggling to find an equitable, efficient and sustainable way of financing and organizing its rural health services.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Staff directors have not always taken good records of finances in their hospitals. Administrators in the past have not had the power to fire or promote employees, which has led to virtually no incentives for employees to improve working skills or even provide quality health care.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm In fact, the number of village health officials has been decreased by 18-% while the number of hospitals and health care centers have also decreased significantly at the township and village level.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm With China’s transition to a more market economy, there is a rise in the private sector of business and many jobs are created that are not required to provide employees with health care.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm On top of that, there is really no purchasable private or public health insurance available to individuals.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Unfortunately, with China’s residency requirements migrant workers cannot qualify for state run jobs that provide health care.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm This is only a small portion of the problem for the government who has only been able to provide some sort of medical care for one-half of the Chinese population.
http//hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/huang.php Rural and urban fieldwork conducted in the reform era indicates that most respondents believed in the governments responsibility to provide social welfare programs.
http//hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/huang.php is rooted in a rhetorical and practical legacy of state socialism and such expectations of welfare support by the state have been fostered by an increasing sense of insecurity as a result of the rapid pace of market of welfare services and a new sense of inequality.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Unfortunately, quality health care is becoming a fee for service provided….leaving ninety-five percent of rural people without health insurance.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm the cost of one average hospitalization would exceed the average annual income of 50 percent of the rural population.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/705.shtml Meanwhile, medical costs nationwide have risen by 8 times in the past 0 years, making it too expensive for many Chinese to seek medical help, while leaving hospital beds in many regions empty.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/705.shtml Over eighty-percent of medical resources are now concentrated in urban areas, while poor rural residents suffer from shortages of medicine and doctors.
http//hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/huang.php In contrast to the determined efforts of the 180s, the health care reform movement had lost momentum in the 10s.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/705.shtml The officials, however, insisted reform was drastically needed as Chinas decrepit health care system was falling apart after 50 years of doling out increasingly inefficient and backward medical services in the cradle-to-grave social welfare system.
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Transition and Reform Treatment for China’s Healthcare System
Introduction
Chinese Healthcare policies are still in a transitional phase despite the many reforms that have been implemented during the Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin era over the past twenty-five years. Healthcare reform in China continues to evolve in a haphazard format seemingly reliant on experimental policies trying to institute market-oriented, rather than collective-oriented, health centers. Understanding the history of Chinese Healthcare policies and infrastructure of the Healthcare system since 14, the beginning of the Communist Era in China, is essential, and therefore will be presented for background informational purposes. During the post-Mao period of the 180’s and the 10’s healthcare reforms in the rural and urban areas of China have been dynamic and present a political and economic conundrum for present-day China.
Healthcare Under Mao
The healthcare system under Mao TseDung during his chairmanship in the years of 14 and 176 resided under the Ministry of Public Health. Mao and the Chinese Communist Party’s relationship with the Ministry of Public Health were far from cordial during these years. Mao’s purpose was to create one class of persons in the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Public Health did not seem conducive to this thought process. The Ministry’s focus in the furtherance of urban healthcare led Mao to action. In Mao’s “June 6th directive”, Mao laid blame on the Ministry for giving preference to “urban lords” and demanded putting the emphasis on the countryside. For this reason, medical education through universities dropped and urban doctor’s were sent to the rural areas and the countryside. With this directive, the distribution of healthcare was decentralized and spread into the rural areas of China . This is just one example of the healthcare reforms Mao brought into place.
The medical reforms Mao brought into place during his leadership were ones of simplicity and insight. Mao’s most important reforms in healthcare included the Cooperative Health Care Scheme (CHCS), a three-tier health care network, and the infamous “barefoot doctor” program . In the 150’s, Mao focused on public health and preventative treatment through “patriotic health campaigns”. The hope of these campaigns was to improve hygiene and sanitation among the populous. One example of these “patriotic health campaigns” is the war against the “four pests” that is, rats, sparrows, flies, and mosquitoes . Through these “patriotic health campaigns”, the health of the average Chinese person has been improved. Before the Chinese Communist Party took power in 14, the average life expectancy was 5 years of age . According to certain statistics, “Life expectancy rose - to 68 for men and 7 for women today. Infant mortality rates dropped, from 00 per 1,000 births to per 1,000.” In the 160’s, Mao instituted a position referred to as “barefoot doctors”. These “barefoot doctors” were a group of around one million farmers who were trained to provide basic medical treatment and healthcare in the rural areas .
Three-tier Healthcare Network
China’s healthcare system, under Mao, developed into a three-tiered system which consisted of village stations, township health centers, and county hospitals in rural healthcare. In the urban areas, the system was divided into street health stations, community health centers, and district hospitals . The services and levels of training and care for both urban and rural stations were about the same at each respective level of the three-tier system. Chinese citizens visited each level of healthcare according to the degree, or severity, of the injury or sickness. In the rural areas, the village medical stations are run by village doctors, previously known as “barefoot doctors”, who, on average, receive three to six months of medical training as well as two to three weeks of CE, or continuing education, each year . These village medical stations provided preventive healthcare, such as vaccines, as well as primary-care services in the villages. Village medical stations usually had about two doctors per 1,000 people. At the next level, the Township Health Centers, physicians with and average of three years of medical school education are on staff. Usually these centers have between ten and twenty beds for patients . Township Health Centers usually focused on outpatient care because of the lack of beds in the centers. These centers usually served about 10,000 to 0,000 people. Finally, at the third level are County Hospitals. These medical treatment centers are usually supervised by physicians with and average of four to five years of medical school education. There are usually about 50 to 00 beds in a county hospital as well as a staff of nurses and technicians . The County Hospitals are the last level of the three-tier system and usually serve 00,000 to 600,000 people. Each level in the three-tier system provides a higher level and standard of medical care than the previous level.
Financing Healthcare in the Mao Era
The financing of healthcare in China, like the three-tiered system of healthcare provision, was also formed in a threefold system. These systems, gongfei yiliao or Government Employee Health Insurance, the laobao yiliao or Labor Health Insurance, and Rural Cooperative Medical System (RCMS), formed the primary systems of financing of healthcare in China. The gongfei yiliao covers insurance costs for government workers at all “political divisional levels (central, provincial, county, township, and village), including officials of labor unions, youth’s and women’s leagues, the staff of cultural, educational, health and research institutes and students at approved colleges and universities.” This form of insurance is completely funded by the government. The laobao yiliao, or Labor Health Insurance, is the insurance program used by State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). Under the laobao yiliao, “employees in state and collective enterprises and their immediate family members are entitled to full (for the employees themselves) or partial (for immediate family members) benefits.” The laobao yiliao is financed by the SOEs and other enterprises employing over 100 employees. Finally, the oldest form of financing healthcare is the Rural Cooperative Medical System (RCMS). Implemented in the 150’s, this system of medical care was instituted by the communes and brigades in the rural areas of China. The Rural Cooperative Medical System is financed by “yearly contributions paid by participants and subsidies from collective welfare funds.” This final branch of financing medical coverage in the rural areas as the RCMS is hailed as an impressive step in providing healthcare coverage in the countryside of China. According to some, “The accomplishments of this system were internationally regarded as an unprecedented feat in the creation of a nationwide medical system which effectively met the basic health care needs of the general population, including the widespread use of what is now called preventative medicine, while simultaneously taking major steps toward the eradication of major infectious diseases.” Statistics show that by the mid 170’s, The Rural Cooperative Medical System coved 0% of China’s rural population and “5% of the rural population had a collective medical system administered by their brigade with their own village health clinic.”
Modern Transition
China has been undergoing change and transition in recent years, and as a result, everything has not always occurred smoothly and efficiently. China’s healthcare system is an example of such a change. Indeed steps were made during the Mao era to give China an improved health system, but they were far from being complete. The system needed to be improved to keep up with China’s growing population, and increased demand for medical attention with longer life spans of the average citizen. Since the founding of the Peoples Republic, the goal of health programs has been to provide care to every member of the population and to make maximum use of limited health-care personnel, equipment, and financial resources. Over the last twenty years, reform has been the driving force behind the Chinese economy. Part of this reform has been a shift in emphasis from a central state controlled economy to a more planned market economy. The government has improved many of the inefficient outdated health care systems that were set in place during the Mao era, and one of the major goals has been to bring health care up to date. To say the least, this has not been an easy task for China’s leaders. China’s transition to modern health care has produced a certain amount of success as well
as many failures that continue to plague the system with setbacks.
Private Health Care
In the early 180’s China allowed private enterprises to enter the healthcare industry, in an attempt to strengthen healthcare availability. This type of private practice had been disallowed during the Mao years of the Cultural Revolution (166-176). As a result, “the disparity between rural and urban health has been exacerbated due to increased privatization. During this time, the rural peoples communes were dismantled, as was the cooperative medical system, which was organized and highly subsidized by the production brigades under the communes.” Overall, hospitals have had to find ways to generate more profits, by over prescribing drugs, overusing MRI’s and CAT scans, and by charging higher prices so that they could make money. This has resulted in poor health care. For hospitals, the drug income accounts for more than one half of their total income and in some medium-sized and small hospitals it is as high as 70 to 80 percent,
Failures In Transition
More than twenty years have elapsed since China changed its agricultural economic system. China is still struggling to find an equitable, efficient and sustainable way of financing and organizing its rural health services. One of the main problems with Chinese health care is that there is just not enough medical care available for China’s large population. Quality hospitals are just not available for the majority of the poorer rural areas, and even the ones in the urban areas are often inefficient and do not provide good healthcare. There are several reasons for this inefficiency 1) Staff directors have not always taken good records of finances in their hospitals. Health care directors have had no incentives to maintain good records, because any needed money to balance the budget was provided by the state. ) Administrators in the past have not had the power to fire or promote employees, which has led to virtually no incentives for employees to improve working skills or even provide quality health care for patients. Employees realized that they received payment and compensation regardless of the quality of their work. ) The Chinese government has reduced funding and support in many hospitals and healthcare programs in an attempt to make them more independent. This has put a strain on hospitals and rural health centers to generate enough profits to stay in business whereas previously the government has provided enough money to keep them running. In fact, the number of village health officials has been decreased by 18-% while the number of hospitals and health care centers have also decreased significantly at the township and village level.
Migrant Workers and Moral Economy
With China’s transition to a more planned market economy, there is a rise in the private sector of business and many jobs are created that are not required to provide employees with health care. On top of that, there is really no purchasable private or public health insurance available to individuals. With the increasing amount of jobs in the urban areas, there is an influx of workers going to the cities for work. Unfortunately, with China’s residency requirements migrant workers cannot qualify for state run jobs that provide health care. This is only a small part of the problem for the government who has only been able to provide some sort of medical care for one-half of the Chinese population. Rural and urban fieldwork conducted in the reform era indicates that most respondents believed in the governments responsibility to provide social welfare programs. This idea of a moral economy in which the government is responsible to provide society with such benefits is an issue seen in China. This is typical for a society where socialist ideals were implemented before the reform began. Elisabeth Croll explains this idea of governmental responsibility, rooted in a rhetorical and practical legacy of state socialism and such expectations of welfare support by the state have been fostered by an increasing sense of insecurity as a result of the rapid pace of market of welfare services and a new sense of inequality.
Unfortunately, quality health care is becoming a fee for service provided….leaving ninety-five percent of rural people without health insurance. People who have more money or better health benefits receive more and better health care. This is unfortunate for the majority of the Chinese people who are located in poor rural areas. For example, the cost of one average hospitalization would exceed the average annual income of 50 percent of the rural population. Meanwhile, medical costs nationwide have risen by 8 times in the past 0 years, making it too expensive for many Chinese to seek medical help, while leaving hospital beds in many regions empty. Where health care is very lacking, if any even exists. Governmental reforms have raised standards of medical care in urban areas, but have also widened the gap between urban and rural areas. Over eighty-percent of medical resources are now concentrated in urban areas, while poor rural residents suffer from shortages of medicine and doctors. Indeed the government has improved rural healthcare in recent years, but more still needs to be done.
Success In Transition
In spite of the many failures and shortcomings in Chinese health care, the overall system has been successfully reformed in perspective of a big picture where change is gradual and not instantaneous. The majority of the success has been seen in the urban areas where there is a greater amount of revenue available for the people to use. As a whole the Chinese transition from complete governmental control to a more independent market economy has been a slow process. In contrast to the determined efforts of the 180s, the health care reform movement had lost momentum in the 10s. It seems that the government has been much more lenient with the urban cities who have large populations of people. So it is apparent why there has been more emphasis on health care reform in the cities, and not in the poor rural areas. The hopeful goal would be for the success of the urban areas to spread out to the surrounding urban areas. This effect has begun to spread out and many rural towns are improving health care. The officials, however, insisted reform was drastically needed as Chinas decrepit health care system was falling apart after 50 years of doling out increasingly inefficient and backward medical services in the cradle-to-grave social welfare system.
Conclusion
The interesting thing about Chinese health care is that it is constantly changing to fit the demands of a seemingly market economy as well as governmental control. In order to analyze the current system, an understanding of Chinese history starting with the Mao era is necessary to look at the entire picture. The improvements under Mao’s implementation of the Cooperative Healthcare scheme, as well as reforms under Deng Xiaoping have ultimately led to the successes and failures of China’s health care system. Indeed there are still many uncertainties about the future of Chinese health care, and there probably will continue to be for a long time. It is important to look at the modern transition of Chinese health care as the society moves towards a more market steered economy. The government has succeeded in replacing some of the inefficient and outdated systems with better working programs, but there is still much that needs to be done for the majority of the rural population who are in dire need of affordable quality health care.
http//hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/huang-.php In his infamous June 6 Directive, Mao vehemently criticized the Ministry for paying attention only to urban lords and called for putting the emphasis on the countryside.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Health care provision was greatly decentralized and diffused throughout the countryside and city neighborhoods during the Maoist era.
http//www.amityfoundation.org/Amity/anl/Issue_56_1/gap.htm In the past, Chinas rural health care system, established in 14, incorporated a Cooperative Health Care Scheme (CHCS), a three-tier health care network and the barefoot doctors system.
http//memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy@field(DOCID+cn006) An emphasis on public health and preventive treatment characterized health policy from the beginning of the 150s. At that time the party began to mobilize the population to engage in mass patriotic health campaigns aimed at improving the low level of environmental sanitation and hygiene and attacking certain diseases. One of the best examples of this approach was the mass assaults on the four pests--rats, sparrows, flies, and mosquitoes--and on schistosoma-carrying snails.
http//www.amarillonet.com/stories/17/hea_china.shtml The average life expectancy was 5.
http//www.amarillonet.com/stories/17/hea_china.shtml Life expectancy rose - to 68 for men and 7 for women today. Infant mortality rates dropped, from 00 per 1,000 births to per 1,000.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/10606.shtml …barefoot doctor, one of a million farmers trained to provide basic health care to rural Chinese during the more revolutionary 160s.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm The tiers consist of village stations, township health centers, and county hospitals in the rural sector and street health stations, community health centers, and district hospitals in the urban areas.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm Village stations are staffed by village doctors who are trained for three to six months after junior high school and receive an average of two to three weeks of continuing education each year.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm Township health centers usually have 10 to 0 beds overseen by a physician with three years of medical school education after high school, aided by assistant physicians and village doctors.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm County hospitals usually have 50 to 00 beds and are staffed by physicians with four to five years of medical training after high school, as well as by nurses and technicians.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Gongfei yiliao or Government Employee Health Insurance, provides coverage for government workers at all political divisional levels (central, provincial, county, township, and village), including officials of labor unions, youths and womens leagues, the staff of cultural, educational, health and research institutes and students at approved colleges and universities.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm The laobao yiliao, or Labor Health Insurance, is a system under which employees in state and collective enterprises and their immediate family members are entitled to full (for the employees themselves) or partial (for immediate family members) benefits.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm … funded by yearly contributions paid by participants and subsidies from collective welfare funds.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm The accomplishments of this system were internationally regarded as an unprecedented feat in the creation of a nationwide medical system which effectively met the basic health care needs of the general population, including the widespread use of what is now called preventative medicine, while simultaneously taking major steps toward the eradication of major infectious diseases.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm At the peak or expansion prior to economic reforms, CMS [Cooperative Medical System] covered 0% or China’s rural population.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm …5% of the rural population had a collective medical system administered by their brigade with their own village health clinic.
http//memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy@field(DOCID+cn006) Since the founding of the Peoples Republic, the goal of health programs has been to provide care to every member of the population and to make maximum use of limited health-care personnel, equipment, and financial resources.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htmThe disparity between rural and urban health has been exacerbated due to increased privatization. During the 180s, the rural peoples communes were dismantled, as was the cooperative medical system, which was organized and highly subsidized by the production brigades under the communes.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Consequently, hospitals use more drugs and tests such as MRIs and CAT scans to generate greater profits.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/705.shtmlFor hospitals, the drug income accounts for more than one half of their total income and in some medium-sized and small hospitals it is as high as 70 to 80 percent,
http//www.insp.mx/ichsri/main/5.html More than twenty years have elapsed since China changed its agricultural economic system and China is still struggling to find an equitable, efficient and sustainable way of financing and organizing its rural health services.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Staff directors have not always taken good records of finances in their hospitals. Administrators in the past have not had the power to fire or promote employees, which has led to virtually no incentives for employees to improve working skills or even provide quality health care.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm In fact, the number of village health officials has been decreased by 18-% while the number of hospitals and health care centers have also decreased significantly at the township and village level.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm With China’s transition to a more market economy, there is a rise in the private sector of business and many jobs are created that are not required to provide employees with health care.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm On top of that, there is really no purchasable private or public health insurance available to individuals.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Unfortunately, with China’s residency requirements migrant workers cannot qualify for state run jobs that provide health care.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm This is only a small portion of the problem for the government who has only been able to provide some sort of medical care for one-half of the Chinese population.
http//hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/huang.php Rural and urban fieldwork conducted in the reform era indicates that most respondents believed in the governments responsibility to provide social welfare programs.
http//hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/huang.php is rooted in a rhetorical and practical legacy of state socialism and such expectations of welfare support by the state have been fostered by an increasing sense of insecurity as a result of the rapid pace of market of welfare services and a new sense of inequality.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Unfortunately, quality health care is becoming a fee for service provided….leaving ninety-five percent of rural people without health insurance.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm the cost of one average hospitalization would exceed the average annual income of 50 percent of the rural population.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/705.shtml Meanwhile, medical costs nationwide have risen by 8 times in the past 0 years, making it too expensive for many Chinese to seek medical help, while leaving hospital beds in many regions empty.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/705.shtml Over eighty-percent of medical resources are now concentrated in urban areas, while poor rural residents suffer from shortages of medicine and doctors.
http//hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/huang.php In contrast to the determined efforts of the 180s, the health care reform movement had lost momentum in the 10s.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/705.shtml The officials, however, insisted reform was drastically needed as Chinas decrepit health care system was falling apart after 50 years of doling out increasingly inefficient and backward medical services in the cradle-to-grave social welfare system.
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