Density

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Experiment Title


Density Determination


Initial Statement


The experiment was performed in order to determine the different densities of various objects. A metric ruler was used to calculate the volume of a wooden block and a metal cylinder geometrically, while water displacement was also used to determine the volume of the metal cylinder. The densities of these two objects were later calculated using the volume and mass. The density of tap water, deionized water, isopropyl alcohol and an unknown liquid were determined using a volumetric pipette and a digital balance scale. In order to determine the density, the following equation was used, D= Mass/Volume and V=ðh.


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Procedure


A metric ruler was used to measure the dimensions of a wooden block to the nearest 0.01 centimeters. The volume was calculated geometrically to the nearest 0.001 cm using these measurements. The same wooden block was later weighed on a digital balance scale to the nearest 0.01 grams.


The height and diameter of a metal cylinder was measured with a metric ruler to the nearest 0.01 centimeters. The volume was calculated using these measurements. The same cylinder was weighed on a digital balance to the nearest 0.01 of a gram.


A 50 mL graduated cylinder was filled halfway and recorded to the nearest 0.1 mL. The same metal cylinder was in the graduated cylinder very carefully to avoid splashing water. The difference of the cylinder with the water versus the initial reading gives the volume of the metal cylinder.


The density of the four liquids was obtained with a number of procedures. A beaker was weighed on a digital balance and then recorded to the nearest 0.001 of a gram. The volume of tap water was determined by using a volumetric pipette that delivers 10.00 mL of a liquid. Another beaker was filled with tap water and then the tip of the pipette was placed underneath the surface of the water. A rubber bulb was placed on the opposite end of the pipette. The bulb was squeezed and then released in order to draw the water up into the pipette to the etched mark the indicated 10.00 mL of liquid. The thumb was placed on the open end of the pipette after the rubber bulb was removed. The water was released into the pre-weighed beaker by removing the thumb and letting gravity pull the water down into the beaker. The beaker with the liquid was later weighed on the digital balance to the nearest 0.001 of a gram. The difference in the reading with the water versus without indicated the mass of the liquid. This process was repeated with deionized water, isopropyl alcohol, and an unknown liquid.


Observations


1) The wooden block was rectangular shaped rather than a perfect cube.


) The edges of the wooden block were worn down and rounded rather than perfectly cut.


) The surfaces of the sides were smooth.


4) The block was relatively light when holding it.


5) The metal cylinder had a very smooth surface and was heavier compared to the block.


6) Bubbles were on the sides of the metal cylinder when it was placed in the water.


7) The tap water had a slightly cloudy appearance and was colorless.


8) The isopropyl was very clear and had no color to it.


) The deionized water was also colorless and very clear compared to the tap water.


10) The unknown liquid was also colorless.


11) The densities of the solid objects were much denser compared to the liquids.


1) The metal cylinder was most dense of all the objects studied.


1) The liquid that had the highest density was the unknown sample.


14) The liquid that was least dense was the isopropyl alcohol.


Questions


1) Clearly describe the difference between “accuracy” and “precision.” Give a specific example. Accuracy is how close a measured value is to the accepted value, well precision is how close together a group of measurements are from each other. Precision has nothing to do with a specific value of measurement because one can be precise with measurement but not accurate. For example, if you are shooting a handgun in the range and hit the silhouette in the chest, the results are accurate. But if you shoot a group of bullets towards its legs, then you are precise in that specific area and not accurate where the bullets should go.


) Which method from parts and is more precise? Method is more precise because there is no accepted value to the water displacement. With part , there are specific geometrical values that are accepted in order to become accurate.


) What (and when) did Archimedes do that earned him a principle name? Archimedes discovered a useful way to determine the volume which would lead to the density of irregular objects by measuring the mass and then measuring it again after submerging it in water. In 1 BC, Archimedes discovered that the buoyancy force on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid that is displaced by the object. In discovering this principle, he determined that the King’s crown was not made of gold as initially thought.


Conclusions


The following are the recorded densities of the wood block, metal cylinder, and the four liquids.


1) Wooden block = 0.84 grams


) Metal cylinder = 8.06 grams


) Tap water = 0.7 mL


4) Deionized water = 0.85 mL


5) Isopropyl alcohol = 0.775 mL


6) Unknown = 1.1768 mL


In comparison, the densities of the solid objects were more than that of the liquids. This was clearly shown when the metal cylinder was put into the 50 mL graduated cylinder. The metal cylinder hit the bottom of the graduated cylinder as soon as it was dropped in. This result can also be repeated with the wooden block by comparing the wooden block to the density of tap water. Densities of the wooden block and the metal cylinder were significantly greater than all the liquids measured by simply comparing the numerical values of the densities. This suggests that the atoms of solid objects are heavier than that of liquids. This also holds truth when comparing two objects that have a higher density. A higher density is a result from atoms that are made of more mass.


I am confident of these results because the measurements of the two solid objects were relatively easy to obtain. This was done using simple calculations to determine the volume and using a digital balance that gave an accurate reading. It was easy to see the difference by comparing the value of density relative to each object being measured. I am not as confident in the densities of the liquids because the volumetric pipette was calibrated for water. This could have had an affect on the liquids and measuring more to their mass which could affect their density.


Sources of Error


1) There was water splashed on the sides of the graduated cylinder. When the metal cylinder was dropped in, the extra drops of water added volume and as a result the density would decease.


) The volumetric pipette was calibrated for water. So there was double the amount of water left in the tip compared to that of the isopropyl alcohol. As a result, the volume would increase and the density would decrease.


) The edges of the wooden block were worn down and curved. This would affect the volume causing an error in the geometric measurements and therefore causing an error in the calculation of density. By not accurately measuring the volume, this would cause the density to be too low.





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