We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like fashshs even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like fashshs in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The firm¡¦s objectives can be met and a go¡Vahead is suggested subject to addressing the recommendations. Macrosegmentation of the market identified machinery, wood, base metals and plastics as target markets for the firm. Revenue expectation based on a 0.4% market share is $,000. Break even is $5,000 and requires contributions from 17 customer projects at an average billing of $15,000. The budget set for implementing the promotional mix is $100,000. Target ROI = 15%. The following recommendations must be considered before start-up 1. Protect service names and marks. . Conduct a microsegmentation analysis to refine market segment intelligence. . Develop multisegment targeting strategies for the chosen markets. 4. Ensure that funds are in place for first year¡¦s operation. 5. Develop a decision support system including customer details, candidates for networking and reciprocity. 6. Complete ¡V 4 assignments at cost to establish a credible portfolio. Use as a source of referrals. 7. Obtain ISO 000 certification ¡V ¡§walk the talk¡¨. Apply benchmarking standards. 8. Develop assessment and promotional tools using the firm¡¦s service. If the service is to work for the client it should work for the firm. . Finalize details of the promotional plan. 10. Develop influence as a trade mission co-ordinator. Organizational Mission The firm¡¦s mission is to provide innovative and effective global marketing services to British Columbia industries. They focus on E-business as a primary means of achieving client objectives and measure their effectiveness in terms of customer satisfaction and referral business. Market Opportunity Analysis Analysis of the size and sustainability of various market segments. The segmentation basis used is demographic. Primary descriptors are geography, customer type, growth rate and size. Demographics ¡V (BC Statistics) �y There are 1,700 small and medium exporters in BC ¡V 4.6% of all businesses in British Columbia. They account for $.7 billion or 1% of British Columbia¡¦s total export value. The average small and medium exporter typically exports $6,500 annually. �y Rising trend ¡V small and medium exporters „¶ 1000 per annum and export „¶ $00+ million per annum. �y British Columbia¡¦s small and medium exporters typically ship ¡§value added¡¨ products ¡V less susceptible to economic slowdowns. During a recent slowdown they actually increased their exports by $1 million. �{ 7% of small and medium exporters are dependent on the United States as their primary export market. Environmental Scan (Purchasing On-line) Social Forces �y Increasing competition is forcing higher standards in the global marketplace ¡V TQM, ISO 000. �y Globalization of trade increasing competitive pressure on domestic producers due to foreign competition ¡V simultaneously offering new opportunities for export. �y Small and mid-sized businesses often lack vision and resources to develop world class enterprises ¡V need help. Political/Legal Forces �y Various Governments are attempting to stimulate business on the Internet ¡V taxation moratorium, privacy protection, copyright protection and fewer regulations. Technology �y Dramatic increase in Internet use for business ¡V 7% of corporate buyers use the Internet. �y Opinion leaders such as IBM are shifting their entire purchasing systems onto the Internet. �y Vendor analysis is more efficient ¡V faster and more comprehensive comparison of supplier alternatives. �y Distribution improvement ¡V intermediaries become redundant as suppliers and buyers connect directly. �y Purchasing cycle time reduced ¡V RFQ¡¦s that used to take 0 days to process now take 0 minutes. �y Shipping/Logistics ¡V tracking, price brokering, inventory/shipping integration are streamlined. �y Real-time Supplier/Purchaser dialogue and co-operative design over the Internet eliminates waste, reduces costs and speeds up new product development.
Mind that the sample papers like fashshs presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Showing posts with label sample apa paper. Show all posts
Showing posts with label sample apa paper. Show all posts
Thursday, August 23, 2012
Thursday, August 9, 2012
E-Government; E-Procurement
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like E-Government; E-Procurement even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like E-Government; E-Procurement in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
E-Government
Definition
E-Government is one of the most discussed topics in recent time, but nearly nobody knows what this word really means. One of the many definitions is that
“ E-Government is the transaction of administrative measures over an electronic infrastructure”.
Electronic Government is the communications between administrative bodies (offices, government etc.) and people. This communication takes place via internet. For that reason it is possible to access information and data for 4 hours a day, 7 days per week. The main aim of E-Governement is to make processes easier and faster.
History
The development of E-Government consists of three steps.
1. Generation
“We about us - Homepage” In this type of web sites information about the organisation is given. For example names, pictures, telephone numbers, adresses, upcoming events and so on. The web site is only useful for people seeking for information.
. Generation
“Download � Homepage” Additional to the content of first generation E-Government sites, additional information can be found here. In second generation sites there are some interactive parts. Downloads of documents are possible now. For example newsletters, all types of useful forms in alphabetical order, internet adresses and so on.
. Generation
“Customer-Oriented Homepages” The main goal of this generation is to solve problems for the customer. E-Voting or wage tax reconciliation are only two of the many examples, which can be done via E-Government.
elements of E-Government
One of the many goals of E-Government is the inernal and external increase in efficiency. The offered products should be useful for maybe customers. E-Government consists of three different types
Electronic Democracy and Participation (eDP) Democratic co-operation and elections should be possible over the internet.
Example E-Voting. Interesting aspects concerning E-Voting are the possibility of making elections more interesting. Maybe the election turnout will increase again by E-Voting. Problems are how to deal with anonymity or sercurity issues.
Electronic Production Networks (ePN) ePn deals with the co-operation of public and private institutions via electronic media. There is a huge potential in the development of such production to fulfill public services. The main advantage of production networks is, that they are independent of geographic restrictions. Different organisations in differents locations can work together on the same product.
Example vehicle registration
Electronic Public Services (ePS) ePS means the delivery of public services to private persons or enterprises via local or national portals. Nearly every service is possible.
Example wage tay reconciliation
E-Procurement
Definition
“E-Procurement is the use of the internet to connect Buyers with Suppliers to faciliate the purchasing of goods and services focusing on Business-to-Business (BB) and Business-to-Government (BG) transactions”
E-Procurement is the purchasing of product components, standard raw materials, customised supplies, and other goods needed by a enterprise. E-Procurement solutions are fully-automated and internet-based systems. E-Procurement ranges from simple online buying of supplies to full involvement in marketplaces.
Phases of the evolution
Internal Buy-Side System In this phase the buying activities take place online. Buyers choose the products from catalogs and complete the transactions on the internet.
Direct Purchasing System The organisation and the supplier become more and more connected to each other. Detailed information is shared on the web with the supplier to eliminate steps of the buying process.
Marketplace Involvement In this step the company is part of a marketplace. In a there is a high competition between the suppliers. For the company a marketplace allows to search for new buyers or sellers and to complete transactions.
Collaboration In the last phase the internal procurement process between enterprises are linked together via extranet. The system automatically creates orders, schedules shipments. All this things require no involvement of staff.
Mind that the sample papers like E-Government; E-Procurement presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
E-Government
Definition
E-Government is one of the most discussed topics in recent time, but nearly nobody knows what this word really means. One of the many definitions is that
“ E-Government is the transaction of administrative measures over an electronic infrastructure”.
Electronic Government is the communications between administrative bodies (offices, government etc.) and people. This communication takes place via internet. For that reason it is possible to access information and data for 4 hours a day, 7 days per week. The main aim of E-Governement is to make processes easier and faster.
History
The development of E-Government consists of three steps.
1. Generation
“We about us - Homepage” In this type of web sites information about the organisation is given. For example names, pictures, telephone numbers, adresses, upcoming events and so on. The web site is only useful for people seeking for information.
. Generation
“Download � Homepage” Additional to the content of first generation E-Government sites, additional information can be found here. In second generation sites there are some interactive parts. Downloads of documents are possible now. For example newsletters, all types of useful forms in alphabetical order, internet adresses and so on.
. Generation
“Customer-Oriented Homepages” The main goal of this generation is to solve problems for the customer. E-Voting or wage tax reconciliation are only two of the many examples, which can be done via E-Government.
elements of E-Government
One of the many goals of E-Government is the inernal and external increase in efficiency. The offered products should be useful for maybe customers. E-Government consists of three different types
Electronic Democracy and Participation (eDP) Democratic co-operation and elections should be possible over the internet.
Example E-Voting. Interesting aspects concerning E-Voting are the possibility of making elections more interesting. Maybe the election turnout will increase again by E-Voting. Problems are how to deal with anonymity or sercurity issues.
Electronic Production Networks (ePN) ePn deals with the co-operation of public and private institutions via electronic media. There is a huge potential in the development of such production to fulfill public services. The main advantage of production networks is, that they are independent of geographic restrictions. Different organisations in differents locations can work together on the same product.
Example vehicle registration
Electronic Public Services (ePS) ePS means the delivery of public services to private persons or enterprises via local or national portals. Nearly every service is possible.
Example wage tay reconciliation
E-Procurement
Definition
“E-Procurement is the use of the internet to connect Buyers with Suppliers to faciliate the purchasing of goods and services focusing on Business-to-Business (BB) and Business-to-Government (BG) transactions”
E-Procurement is the purchasing of product components, standard raw materials, customised supplies, and other goods needed by a enterprise. E-Procurement solutions are fully-automated and internet-based systems. E-Procurement ranges from simple online buying of supplies to full involvement in marketplaces.
Phases of the evolution
Internal Buy-Side System In this phase the buying activities take place online. Buyers choose the products from catalogs and complete the transactions on the internet.
Direct Purchasing System The organisation and the supplier become more and more connected to each other. Detailed information is shared on the web with the supplier to eliminate steps of the buying process.
Marketplace Involvement In this step the company is part of a marketplace. In a there is a high competition between the suppliers. For the company a marketplace allows to search for new buyers or sellers and to complete transactions.
Collaboration In the last phase the internal procurement process between enterprises are linked together via extranet. The system automatically creates orders, schedules shipments. All this things require no involvement of staff.
Mind that the sample papers like E-Government; E-Procurement presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, August 7, 2012
Transition and Reform: Chinese Business Environment
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Transition and Reform: Chinese Business Environment even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Transition and Reform: Chinese Business Environment in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Transition and Reform Treatment for China’s Healthcare System
Introduction
Chinese Healthcare policies are still in a transitional phase despite the many reforms that have been implemented during the Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin era over the past twenty-five years. Healthcare reform in China continues to evolve in a haphazard format seemingly reliant on experimental policies trying to institute market-oriented, rather than collective-oriented, health centers. Understanding the history of Chinese Healthcare policies and infrastructure of the Healthcare system since 14, the beginning of the Communist Era in China, is essential, and therefore will be presented for background informational purposes. During the post-Mao period of the 180’s and the 10’s healthcare reforms in the rural and urban areas of China have been dynamic and present a political and economic conundrum for present-day China.
Healthcare Under Mao
The healthcare system under Mao TseDung during his chairmanship in the years of 14 and 176 resided under the Ministry of Public Health. Mao and the Chinese Communist Party’s relationship with the Ministry of Public Health were far from cordial during these years. Mao’s purpose was to create one class of persons in the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Public Health did not seem conducive to this thought process. The Ministry’s focus in the furtherance of urban healthcare led Mao to action. In Mao’s “June 6th directive”, Mao laid blame on the Ministry for giving preference to “urban lords” and demanded putting the emphasis on the countryside. For this reason, medical education through universities dropped and urban doctor’s were sent to the rural areas and the countryside. With this directive, the distribution of healthcare was decentralized and spread into the rural areas of China . This is just one example of the healthcare reforms Mao brought into place.
The medical reforms Mao brought into place during his leadership were ones of simplicity and insight. Mao’s most important reforms in healthcare included the Cooperative Health Care Scheme (CHCS), a three-tier health care network, and the infamous “barefoot doctor” program . In the 150’s, Mao focused on public health and preventative treatment through “patriotic health campaigns”. The hope of these campaigns was to improve hygiene and sanitation among the populous. One example of these “patriotic health campaigns” is the war against the “four pests” that is, rats, sparrows, flies, and mosquitoes . Through these “patriotic health campaigns”, the health of the average Chinese person has been improved. Before the Chinese Communist Party took power in 14, the average life expectancy was 5 years of age . According to certain statistics, “Life expectancy rose - to 68 for men and 7 for women today. Infant mortality rates dropped, from 00 per 1,000 births to per 1,000.” In the 160’s, Mao instituted a position referred to as “barefoot doctors”. These “barefoot doctors” were a group of around one million farmers who were trained to provide basic medical treatment and healthcare in the rural areas .
Three-tier Healthcare Network
China’s healthcare system, under Mao, developed into a three-tiered system which consisted of village stations, township health centers, and county hospitals in rural healthcare. In the urban areas, the system was divided into street health stations, community health centers, and district hospitals . The services and levels of training and care for both urban and rural stations were about the same at each respective level of the three-tier system. Chinese citizens visited each level of healthcare according to the degree, or severity, of the injury or sickness. In the rural areas, the village medical stations are run by village doctors, previously known as “barefoot doctors”, who, on average, receive three to six months of medical training as well as two to three weeks of CE, or continuing education, each year . These village medical stations provided preventive healthcare, such as vaccines, as well as primary-care services in the villages. Village medical stations usually had about two doctors per 1,000 people. At the next level, the Township Health Centers, physicians with and average of three years of medical school education are on staff. Usually these centers have between ten and twenty beds for patients . Township Health Centers usually focused on outpatient care because of the lack of beds in the centers. These centers usually served about 10,000 to 0,000 people. Finally, at the third level are County Hospitals. These medical treatment centers are usually supervised by physicians with and average of four to five years of medical school education. There are usually about 50 to 00 beds in a county hospital as well as a staff of nurses and technicians . The County Hospitals are the last level of the three-tier system and usually serve 00,000 to 600,000 people. Each level in the three-tier system provides a higher level and standard of medical care than the previous level.
Financing Healthcare in the Mao Era
The financing of healthcare in China, like the three-tiered system of healthcare provision, was also formed in a threefold system. These systems, gongfei yiliao or Government Employee Health Insurance, the laobao yiliao or Labor Health Insurance, and Rural Cooperative Medical System (RCMS), formed the primary systems of financing of healthcare in China. The gongfei yiliao covers insurance costs for government workers at all “political divisional levels (central, provincial, county, township, and village), including officials of labor unions, youth’s and women’s leagues, the staff of cultural, educational, health and research institutes and students at approved colleges and universities.” This form of insurance is completely funded by the government. The laobao yiliao, or Labor Health Insurance, is the insurance program used by State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). Under the laobao yiliao, “employees in state and collective enterprises and their immediate family members are entitled to full (for the employees themselves) or partial (for immediate family members) benefits.” The laobao yiliao is financed by the SOEs and other enterprises employing over 100 employees. Finally, the oldest form of financing healthcare is the Rural Cooperative Medical System (RCMS). Implemented in the 150’s, this system of medical care was instituted by the communes and brigades in the rural areas of China. The Rural Cooperative Medical System is financed by “yearly contributions paid by participants and subsidies from collective welfare funds.” This final branch of financing medical coverage in the rural areas as the RCMS is hailed as an impressive step in providing healthcare coverage in the countryside of China. According to some, “The accomplishments of this system were internationally regarded as an unprecedented feat in the creation of a nationwide medical system which effectively met the basic health care needs of the general population, including the widespread use of what is now called preventative medicine, while simultaneously taking major steps toward the eradication of major infectious diseases.” Statistics show that by the mid 170’s, The Rural Cooperative Medical System coved 0% of China’s rural population and “5% of the rural population had a collective medical system administered by their brigade with their own village health clinic.”
Modern Transition
China has been undergoing change and transition in recent years, and as a result, everything has not always occurred smoothly and efficiently. China’s healthcare system is an example of such a change. Indeed steps were made during the Mao era to give China an improved health system, but they were far from being complete. The system needed to be improved to keep up with China’s growing population, and increased demand for medical attention with longer life spans of the average citizen. Since the founding of the Peoples Republic, the goal of health programs has been to provide care to every member of the population and to make maximum use of limited health-care personnel, equipment, and financial resources. Over the last twenty years, reform has been the driving force behind the Chinese economy. Part of this reform has been a shift in emphasis from a central state controlled economy to a more planned market economy. The government has improved many of the inefficient outdated health care systems that were set in place during the Mao era, and one of the major goals has been to bring health care up to date. To say the least, this has not been an easy task for China’s leaders. China’s transition to modern health care has produced a certain amount of success as well
as many failures that continue to plague the system with setbacks.
Private Health Care
In the early 180’s China allowed private enterprises to enter the healthcare industry, in an attempt to strengthen healthcare availability. This type of private practice had been disallowed during the Mao years of the Cultural Revolution (166-176). As a result, “the disparity between rural and urban health has been exacerbated due to increased privatization. During this time, the rural peoples communes were dismantled, as was the cooperative medical system, which was organized and highly subsidized by the production brigades under the communes.” Overall, hospitals have had to find ways to generate more profits, by over prescribing drugs, overusing MRI’s and CAT scans, and by charging higher prices so that they could make money. This has resulted in poor health care. For hospitals, the drug income accounts for more than one half of their total income and in some medium-sized and small hospitals it is as high as 70 to 80 percent,
Failures In Transition
More than twenty years have elapsed since China changed its agricultural economic system. China is still struggling to find an equitable, efficient and sustainable way of financing and organizing its rural health services. One of the main problems with Chinese health care is that there is just not enough medical care available for China’s large population. Quality hospitals are just not available for the majority of the poorer rural areas, and even the ones in the urban areas are often inefficient and do not provide good healthcare. There are several reasons for this inefficiency 1) Staff directors have not always taken good records of finances in their hospitals. Health care directors have had no incentives to maintain good records, because any needed money to balance the budget was provided by the state. ) Administrators in the past have not had the power to fire or promote employees, which has led to virtually no incentives for employees to improve working skills or even provide quality health care for patients. Employees realized that they received payment and compensation regardless of the quality of their work. ) The Chinese government has reduced funding and support in many hospitals and healthcare programs in an attempt to make them more independent. This has put a strain on hospitals and rural health centers to generate enough profits to stay in business whereas previously the government has provided enough money to keep them running. In fact, the number of village health officials has been decreased by 18-% while the number of hospitals and health care centers have also decreased significantly at the township and village level.
Migrant Workers and Moral Economy
With China’s transition to a more planned market economy, there is a rise in the private sector of business and many jobs are created that are not required to provide employees with health care. On top of that, there is really no purchasable private or public health insurance available to individuals. With the increasing amount of jobs in the urban areas, there is an influx of workers going to the cities for work. Unfortunately, with China’s residency requirements migrant workers cannot qualify for state run jobs that provide health care. This is only a small part of the problem for the government who has only been able to provide some sort of medical care for one-half of the Chinese population. Rural and urban fieldwork conducted in the reform era indicates that most respondents believed in the governments responsibility to provide social welfare programs. This idea of a moral economy in which the government is responsible to provide society with such benefits is an issue seen in China. This is typical for a society where socialist ideals were implemented before the reform began. Elisabeth Croll explains this idea of governmental responsibility, rooted in a rhetorical and practical legacy of state socialism and such expectations of welfare support by the state have been fostered by an increasing sense of insecurity as a result of the rapid pace of market of welfare services and a new sense of inequality.
Unfortunately, quality health care is becoming a fee for service provided….leaving ninety-five percent of rural people without health insurance. People who have more money or better health benefits receive more and better health care. This is unfortunate for the majority of the Chinese people who are located in poor rural areas. For example, the cost of one average hospitalization would exceed the average annual income of 50 percent of the rural population. Meanwhile, medical costs nationwide have risen by 8 times in the past 0 years, making it too expensive for many Chinese to seek medical help, while leaving hospital beds in many regions empty. Where health care is very lacking, if any even exists. Governmental reforms have raised standards of medical care in urban areas, but have also widened the gap between urban and rural areas. Over eighty-percent of medical resources are now concentrated in urban areas, while poor rural residents suffer from shortages of medicine and doctors. Indeed the government has improved rural healthcare in recent years, but more still needs to be done.
Success In Transition
In spite of the many failures and shortcomings in Chinese health care, the overall system has been successfully reformed in perspective of a big picture where change is gradual and not instantaneous. The majority of the success has been seen in the urban areas where there is a greater amount of revenue available for the people to use. As a whole the Chinese transition from complete governmental control to a more independent market economy has been a slow process. In contrast to the determined efforts of the 180s, the health care reform movement had lost momentum in the 10s. It seems that the government has been much more lenient with the urban cities who have large populations of people. So it is apparent why there has been more emphasis on health care reform in the cities, and not in the poor rural areas. The hopeful goal would be for the success of the urban areas to spread out to the surrounding urban areas. This effect has begun to spread out and many rural towns are improving health care. The officials, however, insisted reform was drastically needed as Chinas decrepit health care system was falling apart after 50 years of doling out increasingly inefficient and backward medical services in the cradle-to-grave social welfare system.
Conclusion
The interesting thing about Chinese health care is that it is constantly changing to fit the demands of a seemingly market economy as well as governmental control. In order to analyze the current system, an understanding of Chinese history starting with the Mao era is necessary to look at the entire picture. The improvements under Mao’s implementation of the Cooperative Healthcare scheme, as well as reforms under Deng Xiaoping have ultimately led to the successes and failures of China’s health care system. Indeed there are still many uncertainties about the future of Chinese health care, and there probably will continue to be for a long time. It is important to look at the modern transition of Chinese health care as the society moves towards a more market steered economy. The government has succeeded in replacing some of the inefficient and outdated systems with better working programs, but there is still much that needs to be done for the majority of the rural population who are in dire need of affordable quality health care.
http//hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/huang-.php In his infamous June 6 Directive, Mao vehemently criticized the Ministry for paying attention only to urban lords and called for putting the emphasis on the countryside.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Health care provision was greatly decentralized and diffused throughout the countryside and city neighborhoods during the Maoist era.
http//www.amityfoundation.org/Amity/anl/Issue_56_1/gap.htm In the past, Chinas rural health care system, established in 14, incorporated a Cooperative Health Care Scheme (CHCS), a three-tier health care network and the barefoot doctors system.
http//memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy@field(DOCID+cn006) An emphasis on public health and preventive treatment characterized health policy from the beginning of the 150s. At that time the party began to mobilize the population to engage in mass patriotic health campaigns aimed at improving the low level of environmental sanitation and hygiene and attacking certain diseases. One of the best examples of this approach was the mass assaults on the four pests--rats, sparrows, flies, and mosquitoes--and on schistosoma-carrying snails.
http//www.amarillonet.com/stories/17/hea_china.shtml The average life expectancy was 5.
http//www.amarillonet.com/stories/17/hea_china.shtml Life expectancy rose - to 68 for men and 7 for women today. Infant mortality rates dropped, from 00 per 1,000 births to per 1,000.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/10606.shtml …barefoot doctor, one of a million farmers trained to provide basic health care to rural Chinese during the more revolutionary 160s.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm The tiers consist of village stations, township health centers, and county hospitals in the rural sector and street health stations, community health centers, and district hospitals in the urban areas.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm Village stations are staffed by village doctors who are trained for three to six months after junior high school and receive an average of two to three weeks of continuing education each year.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm Township health centers usually have 10 to 0 beds overseen by a physician with three years of medical school education after high school, aided by assistant physicians and village doctors.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm County hospitals usually have 50 to 00 beds and are staffed by physicians with four to five years of medical training after high school, as well as by nurses and technicians.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Gongfei yiliao or Government Employee Health Insurance, provides coverage for government workers at all political divisional levels (central, provincial, county, township, and village), including officials of labor unions, youths and womens leagues, the staff of cultural, educational, health and research institutes and students at approved colleges and universities.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm The laobao yiliao, or Labor Health Insurance, is a system under which employees in state and collective enterprises and their immediate family members are entitled to full (for the employees themselves) or partial (for immediate family members) benefits.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm … funded by yearly contributions paid by participants and subsidies from collective welfare funds.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm The accomplishments of this system were internationally regarded as an unprecedented feat in the creation of a nationwide medical system which effectively met the basic health care needs of the general population, including the widespread use of what is now called preventative medicine, while simultaneously taking major steps toward the eradication of major infectious diseases.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm At the peak or expansion prior to economic reforms, CMS [Cooperative Medical System] covered 0% or China’s rural population.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm …5% of the rural population had a collective medical system administered by their brigade with their own village health clinic.
http//memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy@field(DOCID+cn006) Since the founding of the Peoples Republic, the goal of health programs has been to provide care to every member of the population and to make maximum use of limited health-care personnel, equipment, and financial resources.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htmThe disparity between rural and urban health has been exacerbated due to increased privatization. During the 180s, the rural peoples communes were dismantled, as was the cooperative medical system, which was organized and highly subsidized by the production brigades under the communes.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Consequently, hospitals use more drugs and tests such as MRIs and CAT scans to generate greater profits.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/705.shtmlFor hospitals, the drug income accounts for more than one half of their total income and in some medium-sized and small hospitals it is as high as 70 to 80 percent,
http//www.insp.mx/ichsri/main/5.html More than twenty years have elapsed since China changed its agricultural economic system and China is still struggling to find an equitable, efficient and sustainable way of financing and organizing its rural health services.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Staff directors have not always taken good records of finances in their hospitals. Administrators in the past have not had the power to fire or promote employees, which has led to virtually no incentives for employees to improve working skills or even provide quality health care.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm In fact, the number of village health officials has been decreased by 18-% while the number of hospitals and health care centers have also decreased significantly at the township and village level.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm With China’s transition to a more market economy, there is a rise in the private sector of business and many jobs are created that are not required to provide employees with health care.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm On top of that, there is really no purchasable private or public health insurance available to individuals.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Unfortunately, with China’s residency requirements migrant workers cannot qualify for state run jobs that provide health care.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm This is only a small portion of the problem for the government who has only been able to provide some sort of medical care for one-half of the Chinese population.
http//hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/huang.php Rural and urban fieldwork conducted in the reform era indicates that most respondents believed in the governments responsibility to provide social welfare programs.
http//hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/huang.php is rooted in a rhetorical and practical legacy of state socialism and such expectations of welfare support by the state have been fostered by an increasing sense of insecurity as a result of the rapid pace of market of welfare services and a new sense of inequality.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Unfortunately, quality health care is becoming a fee for service provided….leaving ninety-five percent of rural people without health insurance.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm the cost of one average hospitalization would exceed the average annual income of 50 percent of the rural population.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/705.shtml Meanwhile, medical costs nationwide have risen by 8 times in the past 0 years, making it too expensive for many Chinese to seek medical help, while leaving hospital beds in many regions empty.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/705.shtml Over eighty-percent of medical resources are now concentrated in urban areas, while poor rural residents suffer from shortages of medicine and doctors.
http//hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/huang.php In contrast to the determined efforts of the 180s, the health care reform movement had lost momentum in the 10s.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/705.shtml The officials, however, insisted reform was drastically needed as Chinas decrepit health care system was falling apart after 50 years of doling out increasingly inefficient and backward medical services in the cradle-to-grave social welfare system.
Mind that the sample papers like Transition and Reform: Chinese Business Environment presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Transition and Reform Treatment for China’s Healthcare System
Introduction
Chinese Healthcare policies are still in a transitional phase despite the many reforms that have been implemented during the Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin era over the past twenty-five years. Healthcare reform in China continues to evolve in a haphazard format seemingly reliant on experimental policies trying to institute market-oriented, rather than collective-oriented, health centers. Understanding the history of Chinese Healthcare policies and infrastructure of the Healthcare system since 14, the beginning of the Communist Era in China, is essential, and therefore will be presented for background informational purposes. During the post-Mao period of the 180’s and the 10’s healthcare reforms in the rural and urban areas of China have been dynamic and present a political and economic conundrum for present-day China.
Healthcare Under Mao
The healthcare system under Mao TseDung during his chairmanship in the years of 14 and 176 resided under the Ministry of Public Health. Mao and the Chinese Communist Party’s relationship with the Ministry of Public Health were far from cordial during these years. Mao’s purpose was to create one class of persons in the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Public Health did not seem conducive to this thought process. The Ministry’s focus in the furtherance of urban healthcare led Mao to action. In Mao’s “June 6th directive”, Mao laid blame on the Ministry for giving preference to “urban lords” and demanded putting the emphasis on the countryside. For this reason, medical education through universities dropped and urban doctor’s were sent to the rural areas and the countryside. With this directive, the distribution of healthcare was decentralized and spread into the rural areas of China . This is just one example of the healthcare reforms Mao brought into place.
The medical reforms Mao brought into place during his leadership were ones of simplicity and insight. Mao’s most important reforms in healthcare included the Cooperative Health Care Scheme (CHCS), a three-tier health care network, and the infamous “barefoot doctor” program . In the 150’s, Mao focused on public health and preventative treatment through “patriotic health campaigns”. The hope of these campaigns was to improve hygiene and sanitation among the populous. One example of these “patriotic health campaigns” is the war against the “four pests” that is, rats, sparrows, flies, and mosquitoes . Through these “patriotic health campaigns”, the health of the average Chinese person has been improved. Before the Chinese Communist Party took power in 14, the average life expectancy was 5 years of age . According to certain statistics, “Life expectancy rose - to 68 for men and 7 for women today. Infant mortality rates dropped, from 00 per 1,000 births to per 1,000.” In the 160’s, Mao instituted a position referred to as “barefoot doctors”. These “barefoot doctors” were a group of around one million farmers who were trained to provide basic medical treatment and healthcare in the rural areas .
Three-tier Healthcare Network
China’s healthcare system, under Mao, developed into a three-tiered system which consisted of village stations, township health centers, and county hospitals in rural healthcare. In the urban areas, the system was divided into street health stations, community health centers, and district hospitals . The services and levels of training and care for both urban and rural stations were about the same at each respective level of the three-tier system. Chinese citizens visited each level of healthcare according to the degree, or severity, of the injury or sickness. In the rural areas, the village medical stations are run by village doctors, previously known as “barefoot doctors”, who, on average, receive three to six months of medical training as well as two to three weeks of CE, or continuing education, each year . These village medical stations provided preventive healthcare, such as vaccines, as well as primary-care services in the villages. Village medical stations usually had about two doctors per 1,000 people. At the next level, the Township Health Centers, physicians with and average of three years of medical school education are on staff. Usually these centers have between ten and twenty beds for patients . Township Health Centers usually focused on outpatient care because of the lack of beds in the centers. These centers usually served about 10,000 to 0,000 people. Finally, at the third level are County Hospitals. These medical treatment centers are usually supervised by physicians with and average of four to five years of medical school education. There are usually about 50 to 00 beds in a county hospital as well as a staff of nurses and technicians . The County Hospitals are the last level of the three-tier system and usually serve 00,000 to 600,000 people. Each level in the three-tier system provides a higher level and standard of medical care than the previous level.
Financing Healthcare in the Mao Era
The financing of healthcare in China, like the three-tiered system of healthcare provision, was also formed in a threefold system. These systems, gongfei yiliao or Government Employee Health Insurance, the laobao yiliao or Labor Health Insurance, and Rural Cooperative Medical System (RCMS), formed the primary systems of financing of healthcare in China. The gongfei yiliao covers insurance costs for government workers at all “political divisional levels (central, provincial, county, township, and village), including officials of labor unions, youth’s and women’s leagues, the staff of cultural, educational, health and research institutes and students at approved colleges and universities.” This form of insurance is completely funded by the government. The laobao yiliao, or Labor Health Insurance, is the insurance program used by State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). Under the laobao yiliao, “employees in state and collective enterprises and their immediate family members are entitled to full (for the employees themselves) or partial (for immediate family members) benefits.” The laobao yiliao is financed by the SOEs and other enterprises employing over 100 employees. Finally, the oldest form of financing healthcare is the Rural Cooperative Medical System (RCMS). Implemented in the 150’s, this system of medical care was instituted by the communes and brigades in the rural areas of China. The Rural Cooperative Medical System is financed by “yearly contributions paid by participants and subsidies from collective welfare funds.” This final branch of financing medical coverage in the rural areas as the RCMS is hailed as an impressive step in providing healthcare coverage in the countryside of China. According to some, “The accomplishments of this system were internationally regarded as an unprecedented feat in the creation of a nationwide medical system which effectively met the basic health care needs of the general population, including the widespread use of what is now called preventative medicine, while simultaneously taking major steps toward the eradication of major infectious diseases.” Statistics show that by the mid 170’s, The Rural Cooperative Medical System coved 0% of China’s rural population and “5% of the rural population had a collective medical system administered by their brigade with their own village health clinic.”
Modern Transition
China has been undergoing change and transition in recent years, and as a result, everything has not always occurred smoothly and efficiently. China’s healthcare system is an example of such a change. Indeed steps were made during the Mao era to give China an improved health system, but they were far from being complete. The system needed to be improved to keep up with China’s growing population, and increased demand for medical attention with longer life spans of the average citizen. Since the founding of the Peoples Republic, the goal of health programs has been to provide care to every member of the population and to make maximum use of limited health-care personnel, equipment, and financial resources. Over the last twenty years, reform has been the driving force behind the Chinese economy. Part of this reform has been a shift in emphasis from a central state controlled economy to a more planned market economy. The government has improved many of the inefficient outdated health care systems that were set in place during the Mao era, and one of the major goals has been to bring health care up to date. To say the least, this has not been an easy task for China’s leaders. China’s transition to modern health care has produced a certain amount of success as well
as many failures that continue to plague the system with setbacks.
Private Health Care
In the early 180’s China allowed private enterprises to enter the healthcare industry, in an attempt to strengthen healthcare availability. This type of private practice had been disallowed during the Mao years of the Cultural Revolution (166-176). As a result, “the disparity between rural and urban health has been exacerbated due to increased privatization. During this time, the rural peoples communes were dismantled, as was the cooperative medical system, which was organized and highly subsidized by the production brigades under the communes.” Overall, hospitals have had to find ways to generate more profits, by over prescribing drugs, overusing MRI’s and CAT scans, and by charging higher prices so that they could make money. This has resulted in poor health care. For hospitals, the drug income accounts for more than one half of their total income and in some medium-sized and small hospitals it is as high as 70 to 80 percent,
Failures In Transition
More than twenty years have elapsed since China changed its agricultural economic system. China is still struggling to find an equitable, efficient and sustainable way of financing and organizing its rural health services. One of the main problems with Chinese health care is that there is just not enough medical care available for China’s large population. Quality hospitals are just not available for the majority of the poorer rural areas, and even the ones in the urban areas are often inefficient and do not provide good healthcare. There are several reasons for this inefficiency 1) Staff directors have not always taken good records of finances in their hospitals. Health care directors have had no incentives to maintain good records, because any needed money to balance the budget was provided by the state. ) Administrators in the past have not had the power to fire or promote employees, which has led to virtually no incentives for employees to improve working skills or even provide quality health care for patients. Employees realized that they received payment and compensation regardless of the quality of their work. ) The Chinese government has reduced funding and support in many hospitals and healthcare programs in an attempt to make them more independent. This has put a strain on hospitals and rural health centers to generate enough profits to stay in business whereas previously the government has provided enough money to keep them running. In fact, the number of village health officials has been decreased by 18-% while the number of hospitals and health care centers have also decreased significantly at the township and village level.
Migrant Workers and Moral Economy
With China’s transition to a more planned market economy, there is a rise in the private sector of business and many jobs are created that are not required to provide employees with health care. On top of that, there is really no purchasable private or public health insurance available to individuals. With the increasing amount of jobs in the urban areas, there is an influx of workers going to the cities for work. Unfortunately, with China’s residency requirements migrant workers cannot qualify for state run jobs that provide health care. This is only a small part of the problem for the government who has only been able to provide some sort of medical care for one-half of the Chinese population. Rural and urban fieldwork conducted in the reform era indicates that most respondents believed in the governments responsibility to provide social welfare programs. This idea of a moral economy in which the government is responsible to provide society with such benefits is an issue seen in China. This is typical for a society where socialist ideals were implemented before the reform began. Elisabeth Croll explains this idea of governmental responsibility, rooted in a rhetorical and practical legacy of state socialism and such expectations of welfare support by the state have been fostered by an increasing sense of insecurity as a result of the rapid pace of market of welfare services and a new sense of inequality.
Unfortunately, quality health care is becoming a fee for service provided….leaving ninety-five percent of rural people without health insurance. People who have more money or better health benefits receive more and better health care. This is unfortunate for the majority of the Chinese people who are located in poor rural areas. For example, the cost of one average hospitalization would exceed the average annual income of 50 percent of the rural population. Meanwhile, medical costs nationwide have risen by 8 times in the past 0 years, making it too expensive for many Chinese to seek medical help, while leaving hospital beds in many regions empty. Where health care is very lacking, if any even exists. Governmental reforms have raised standards of medical care in urban areas, but have also widened the gap between urban and rural areas. Over eighty-percent of medical resources are now concentrated in urban areas, while poor rural residents suffer from shortages of medicine and doctors. Indeed the government has improved rural healthcare in recent years, but more still needs to be done.
Success In Transition
In spite of the many failures and shortcomings in Chinese health care, the overall system has been successfully reformed in perspective of a big picture where change is gradual and not instantaneous. The majority of the success has been seen in the urban areas where there is a greater amount of revenue available for the people to use. As a whole the Chinese transition from complete governmental control to a more independent market economy has been a slow process. In contrast to the determined efforts of the 180s, the health care reform movement had lost momentum in the 10s. It seems that the government has been much more lenient with the urban cities who have large populations of people. So it is apparent why there has been more emphasis on health care reform in the cities, and not in the poor rural areas. The hopeful goal would be for the success of the urban areas to spread out to the surrounding urban areas. This effect has begun to spread out and many rural towns are improving health care. The officials, however, insisted reform was drastically needed as Chinas decrepit health care system was falling apart after 50 years of doling out increasingly inefficient and backward medical services in the cradle-to-grave social welfare system.
Conclusion
The interesting thing about Chinese health care is that it is constantly changing to fit the demands of a seemingly market economy as well as governmental control. In order to analyze the current system, an understanding of Chinese history starting with the Mao era is necessary to look at the entire picture. The improvements under Mao’s implementation of the Cooperative Healthcare scheme, as well as reforms under Deng Xiaoping have ultimately led to the successes and failures of China’s health care system. Indeed there are still many uncertainties about the future of Chinese health care, and there probably will continue to be for a long time. It is important to look at the modern transition of Chinese health care as the society moves towards a more market steered economy. The government has succeeded in replacing some of the inefficient and outdated systems with better working programs, but there is still much that needs to be done for the majority of the rural population who are in dire need of affordable quality health care.
http//hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/huang-.php In his infamous June 6 Directive, Mao vehemently criticized the Ministry for paying attention only to urban lords and called for putting the emphasis on the countryside.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Health care provision was greatly decentralized and diffused throughout the countryside and city neighborhoods during the Maoist era.
http//www.amityfoundation.org/Amity/anl/Issue_56_1/gap.htm In the past, Chinas rural health care system, established in 14, incorporated a Cooperative Health Care Scheme (CHCS), a three-tier health care network and the barefoot doctors system.
http//memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy@field(DOCID+cn006) An emphasis on public health and preventive treatment characterized health policy from the beginning of the 150s. At that time the party began to mobilize the population to engage in mass patriotic health campaigns aimed at improving the low level of environmental sanitation and hygiene and attacking certain diseases. One of the best examples of this approach was the mass assaults on the four pests--rats, sparrows, flies, and mosquitoes--and on schistosoma-carrying snails.
http//www.amarillonet.com/stories/17/hea_china.shtml The average life expectancy was 5.
http//www.amarillonet.com/stories/17/hea_china.shtml Life expectancy rose - to 68 for men and 7 for women today. Infant mortality rates dropped, from 00 per 1,000 births to per 1,000.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/10606.shtml …barefoot doctor, one of a million farmers trained to provide basic health care to rural Chinese during the more revolutionary 160s.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm The tiers consist of village stations, township health centers, and county hospitals in the rural sector and street health stations, community health centers, and district hospitals in the urban areas.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm Village stations are staffed by village doctors who are trained for three to six months after junior high school and receive an average of two to three weeks of continuing education each year.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm Township health centers usually have 10 to 0 beds overseen by a physician with three years of medical school education after high school, aided by assistant physicians and village doctors.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm County hospitals usually have 50 to 00 beds and are staffed by physicians with four to five years of medical training after high school, as well as by nurses and technicians.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Gongfei yiliao or Government Employee Health Insurance, provides coverage for government workers at all political divisional levels (central, provincial, county, township, and village), including officials of labor unions, youths and womens leagues, the staff of cultural, educational, health and research institutes and students at approved colleges and universities.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm The laobao yiliao, or Labor Health Insurance, is a system under which employees in state and collective enterprises and their immediate family members are entitled to full (for the employees themselves) or partial (for immediate family members) benefits.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm … funded by yearly contributions paid by participants and subsidies from collective welfare funds.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm The accomplishments of this system were internationally regarded as an unprecedented feat in the creation of a nationwide medical system which effectively met the basic health care needs of the general population, including the widespread use of what is now called preventative medicine, while simultaneously taking major steps toward the eradication of major infectious diseases.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm At the peak or expansion prior to economic reforms, CMS [Cooperative Medical System] covered 0% or China’s rural population.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm …5% of the rural population had a collective medical system administered by their brigade with their own village health clinic.
http//memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy@field(DOCID+cn006) Since the founding of the Peoples Republic, the goal of health programs has been to provide care to every member of the population and to make maximum use of limited health-care personnel, equipment, and financial resources.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htmThe disparity between rural and urban health has been exacerbated due to increased privatization. During the 180s, the rural peoples communes were dismantled, as was the cooperative medical system, which was organized and highly subsidized by the production brigades under the communes.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Consequently, hospitals use more drugs and tests such as MRIs and CAT scans to generate greater profits.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/705.shtmlFor hospitals, the drug income accounts for more than one half of their total income and in some medium-sized and small hospitals it is as high as 70 to 80 percent,
http//www.insp.mx/ichsri/main/5.html More than twenty years have elapsed since China changed its agricultural economic system and China is still struggling to find an equitable, efficient and sustainable way of financing and organizing its rural health services.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Staff directors have not always taken good records of finances in their hospitals. Administrators in the past have not had the power to fire or promote employees, which has led to virtually no incentives for employees to improve working skills or even provide quality health care.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm In fact, the number of village health officials has been decreased by 18-% while the number of hospitals and health care centers have also decreased significantly at the township and village level.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm With China’s transition to a more market economy, there is a rise in the private sector of business and many jobs are created that are not required to provide employees with health care.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm On top of that, there is really no purchasable private or public health insurance available to individuals.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Unfortunately, with China’s residency requirements migrant workers cannot qualify for state run jobs that provide health care.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm This is only a small portion of the problem for the government who has only been able to provide some sort of medical care for one-half of the Chinese population.
http//hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/huang.php Rural and urban fieldwork conducted in the reform era indicates that most respondents believed in the governments responsibility to provide social welfare programs.
http//hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/huang.php is rooted in a rhetorical and practical legacy of state socialism and such expectations of welfare support by the state have been fostered by an increasing sense of insecurity as a result of the rapid pace of market of welfare services and a new sense of inequality.
http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/health.htm Unfortunately, quality health care is becoming a fee for service provided….leaving ninety-five percent of rural people without health insurance.
http//www.chinamed.org.cn/healthcare.htm the cost of one average hospitalization would exceed the average annual income of 50 percent of the rural population.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/705.shtml Meanwhile, medical costs nationwide have risen by 8 times in the past 0 years, making it too expensive for many Chinese to seek medical help, while leaving hospital beds in many regions empty.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/705.shtml Over eighty-percent of medical resources are now concentrated in urban areas, while poor rural residents suffer from shortages of medicine and doctors.
http//hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/huang.php In contrast to the determined efforts of the 180s, the health care reform movement had lost momentum in the 10s.
http//news.beststar.com/ll/english/705.shtml The officials, however, insisted reform was drastically needed as Chinas decrepit health care system was falling apart after 50 years of doling out increasingly inefficient and backward medical services in the cradle-to-grave social welfare system.
Mind that the sample papers like Transition and Reform: Chinese Business Environment presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, July 19, 2012
"The Cure"
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like "The Cure" even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like "The Cure" in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
If my decomposing carcass helps nourish the roots of a juniper tree or the wings of a vulture - that is immortality enough for me. And as much as anyone deserves. This quote came directly from the mouth of Edward Abbey, an author of the 0th century. As people, we make decisions everyday. A decisive answer always needs to come out of a situation. Millions and even billions of people look back upon a lifetime of happiness or sadness and wish for a second chance to make a difference or live a while longer. Doctors and family members ask every second What if there was a cure for cancer? Although some minds, such as Edward Abbey, think of death as merely a part of life, cancer patients cherish every heartbeat and every breath that they inhale. An answer for this devastating disease has never been found. Tons of victims, infants to senior citizens, would get a second chance at life.
This malignant disease has claimed heaps upon heaps of souls over the past centuries. Every year, tons of walkers line high school and college tracks to participate in The Relay for Life. This event raises money for hospitals. These facilities use the proceeds to aid in the research of this human killer. Specialists use the intake from The Relay for Life to search for an ultimate treatment. A cure would give new beginnings to thousands of children and senior citizens. The little boy across the road could play with all of the other kids instead of lying in a hospital bed waiting for his eyes to close a final time.
As the seconds tick by, somebody will be diagnosed with this fatal illness. Cancer sufferers can use alternative treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation. However, a complete restore to health has not yet accumulated. A clean bill of health would give adults the pleasure of interacting with their children again. Obviously a much more fulfilling activity, rather than under going a chemo treatment or a bone marrow transplant.
Senior citizen victims can again go out and relate with friends and family. Also, an elder will be able to visit the beloved grandchildren. Christmas will never be a sad time with relatives sitting around the table wondering if this is the last holiday with grandma or grandpa. Visits to the hospital to see a withering family member will not be a concern. Grandparents now dine with acquainteances at a favorite restaurant.
As researchers come closer and closer to a final answer in the fight against cancer, patients continue to deteriorate and try to live life to the fullest. Death is one thing that man hasnt conquered and will never beat. A longer life will always be hoped for by the dying. It seems as if this fatal disease cheats many from happiness. Cancer cures are sought after at this very moment. To find a cure would give a meaning to life for millions of people.
Mind that the sample papers like "The Cure" presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
If my decomposing carcass helps nourish the roots of a juniper tree or the wings of a vulture - that is immortality enough for me. And as much as anyone deserves. This quote came directly from the mouth of Edward Abbey, an author of the 0th century. As people, we make decisions everyday. A decisive answer always needs to come out of a situation. Millions and even billions of people look back upon a lifetime of happiness or sadness and wish for a second chance to make a difference or live a while longer. Doctors and family members ask every second What if there was a cure for cancer? Although some minds, such as Edward Abbey, think of death as merely a part of life, cancer patients cherish every heartbeat and every breath that they inhale. An answer for this devastating disease has never been found. Tons of victims, infants to senior citizens, would get a second chance at life.
This malignant disease has claimed heaps upon heaps of souls over the past centuries. Every year, tons of walkers line high school and college tracks to participate in The Relay for Life. This event raises money for hospitals. These facilities use the proceeds to aid in the research of this human killer. Specialists use the intake from The Relay for Life to search for an ultimate treatment. A cure would give new beginnings to thousands of children and senior citizens. The little boy across the road could play with all of the other kids instead of lying in a hospital bed waiting for his eyes to close a final time.
As the seconds tick by, somebody will be diagnosed with this fatal illness. Cancer sufferers can use alternative treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation. However, a complete restore to health has not yet accumulated. A clean bill of health would give adults the pleasure of interacting with their children again. Obviously a much more fulfilling activity, rather than under going a chemo treatment or a bone marrow transplant.
Senior citizen victims can again go out and relate with friends and family. Also, an elder will be able to visit the beloved grandchildren. Christmas will never be a sad time with relatives sitting around the table wondering if this is the last holiday with grandma or grandpa. Visits to the hospital to see a withering family member will not be a concern. Grandparents now dine with acquainteances at a favorite restaurant.
As researchers come closer and closer to a final answer in the fight against cancer, patients continue to deteriorate and try to live life to the fullest. Death is one thing that man hasnt conquered and will never beat. A longer life will always be hoped for by the dying. It seems as if this fatal disease cheats many from happiness. Cancer cures are sought after at this very moment. To find a cure would give a meaning to life for millions of people.
Mind that the sample papers like "The Cure" presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Friday, July 13, 2012
FRANKENSTIEN
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like FRANKENSTIEN even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like FRANKENSTIEN in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Letters 1-4-
The four letters are written by the explorer Robert Walton to his sister Margaret Saville. Walton, a Englishman with a love for seafaring, is the captain of a ship heading on a dangerous voyage to the North Pole. In the first letter, he tells his sister about the preparations leading up to his departure and about his desire to accomplish some great purpose. In the second letter, Walton complains about his lack of friends. He feels lonely and isolated, too sophisticated to find comfort in his shipmates and too uneducated to find a sensitive person to share his dreams with. In the third letter, Walton tells his sister that his ship has set sail and that he has full confidence that he will achieve his goal. In the fourth letter, the ship stalls between huge sheets of ice, and Walton and his men find a sledge guided by a gigantic creature about half a mile away. The next morning, they encounter another sledge stranded on an iceberg. All but one of the dogs pulling the sledge died, and the man on the sledge is emaciated, weak, and starving. Despite his condition, the man refuses to board the ship until Walton tells him that it is heading north. The stranger spends two days recovering, nursed by the crew, before he could talk. The crew is dying with curiosity, but Walton, aware of the mans fragile state, prevents his men from bothering the stranger with questions. As time passes, Walton and the stranger become friends, and the stranger eventually starts to tell Walton his story. At the end of the fourth letter, Walton states that the visitor will begin his story the next day.
Chapter 1-
The stranger, who the reader soon learns is Victor Frankenstein, is now the main narrator of the story, and he begins it just before he was born. His father was heavily involved in the affairs of his country, Geneva, delaying marriage until later on in his life. He eventually quit public life to become a father and husband. Victors father and Mr. Beaufort, his mother Carolines father, were pretty good friends. Mr Beaufort and his daughter move from Geneva to Lucerne, to look for refuge from poverty and a damaged reputation. While in Lucerne, Beaufort had saved a small amount of money and had somewhat recovered his reputation, but he became ill and within a couple months had died. When Victors father finds the Beaufort house, he discovers a weakened Caroline grieving at her fathers coffin. He decides to give his friend a decent burial and sends Caroline to his family in Geneva to recover. During the next two years, Victors father visits Caroline, they eventually get married, and Victor is born soon after.Frankenstein then describes how his childhood companion, Elizabeth Lavenza, entered his family. Elizabeth is discovered by Caroline, on a trip to Italy, when Victor is about five years old. While visiting a poor Italian family, Caroline notices a beautiful blonde girl among the dark-haired Italian children; upon discovering that Elizabeth is the orphaned daughter of a Milanese nobleman and a German woman and that the Italian family can barely afford to feed her, Caroline adopts Elizabeth and brings her back to Geneva. Victors mother decides at the moment of the adoption that Elizabeth and Victor should someday marry.
Chapter -
Elizabeth and Victor grow up together as best friends, and around the age of seven, Victors younger brother is born. Victors friendship with Henry Clerval, a schoolmate and only child, flourishes as well, and he spends his childhood happily surrounded by this close domestic circle. As a teenager, Victor becomes very fascinated by the mysteries of the natural world. He comes across a book by Cornelius Agrippa, a sixteenth-century scholar of the sciences, and becomes interested in natural philosophy. He studies the outdated findings of the alchemists Agrippa, Paracelsus, and Albertus Magnus with great enthusiasm. He then witnesses the destructive power of nature when, during a raging storm, lightning destroys a tree near his house. A modern natural philosopher accompanying the Frankenstein family explains to Victor the workings of electricity, making the ideas of the alchemists seem outdated and worthless.
Chapter -
At the age of seventeen, Victor leaves his family in Geneva to attend the university at Ingolstadt. Just before Victor departs, his mother catches scarlet fever from Elizabeth, whom she has been nursing back to health, and dies. On her deathbed, she begs Elizabeth and Victor to marry. Several weeks later, still grieving, Victor goes off to Ingolstadt. Arriving at the university, he finds quarters in the town and sets up a meeting with a professor of natural philosophy, Mr. Krempe. Krempe tells Victor that all the time that Victor has spent studying the alchemists has been wasted, further stopping Victor on studying natural philosophy. He then attends a lecture in chemistry by a professor named Waldman.This lecture, along with a meeting with the professor, convinces Victor to pursue his studies in the sciences.
Chapter 4-
Victor attacks his studies with enthusiasm and, ignoring his social life and his family far away in Geneva, makes quick progress. Fascinated by the mystery of the creation of life, he begins to study how the human body is built and how it falls apart. After several years of tireless work, he masters all that his professors have to teach him, and he goes one step further by discovering the secret of life. Privately, hidden away in his apartment where no one can see him work, he decides to begin the construction of an animate creature, envisioning the creation of a new race of wonderful beings. Actively devoting himself to this labor, he neglects everything else-family, friends, studies, and social life-and grows increasingly pale, lonely, and obsessed.
Chapter 5-
One stormy night, after months of labor, Victor completes his creation. But when he brings it to life, its awful appearance horrifies him. He rushes to the next room and tries to sleep, but he is troubled by nightmares about Elizabeth and his mothers corpse. He wakes to discover the monster looming over his bed with a grotesque smile and rushes out of the house. He spends the night pacing in his courtyard. The next morning, he goes walking in the town of Ingolstadt, frantically avoiding a return to his now-haunted apartment. As he walks by the town inn, Victor comes across his friend Henry Clerval, who has just arrived to begin studying at the university. Delighted to see Henry, a breath of fresh air, and a reminder of his family after so many months of isolation and ill health, he brings him back to his apartment. Victor enters first and is relieved to find no sign of the monster. But, weakened by months of work and shock at the horrific being he has created, he immediately falls ill with a nervous fever that lasts several months. Henry nurses him back to health and, when Victor has recovered, gives him a letter from Elizabeth that had arrived during his illness.
Chapter 6-
Elizabeths letter expresses her concern about Victors illness and entreats him to write to his family in Geneva as soon as he can. She also tells him that Justine Moritz, a girl who used to live with the Frankenstein family, has returned to their house following her mothers death. After Victor has recovered, he introduces Henry, who is studying Oriental languages, to the professors at the university. The task is painful, however, since the sight of any chemical instrument worsens Victors symptoms; even speaking to his professors torments him. He decides to return to Geneva and waits for a letter from his father specifying the date of his departure. Meanwhile, him and Henry take a tour through the country, uplifting their spirits with the beauties of nature.
Chapter 7-
When they return to the university, Victor finds a letter from his father telling him that Victors youngest brother, William, has been murdered. Saddened and shocked by this news, Victor departs immediately for Geneva. By the time he arrives, night has fallen and the gates of Geneva have been shut, so he spends the evening walking in the woods around the outskirts of the town. As he walks near the spot where his brothers body was found, he finds the monster lurking and becomes convinced that his creation is responsible for killing William. The next day, however, when he returns home, Victor learns that Justine has been accused of the murder. After the discovery of the body, a servant had found in Justines pocket a picture of Caroline Frankenstein last seen in Williams possession. Victor announces Justines innocence, but the evidence against her seems certain, and Victor refuses to explain himself for fear that he will be labeled insane.
Chapter 8-
Justine confesses to the crime, believing that she will gain salvation, but tells Elizabeth and Victor that she is innocent and miserable. She explains to them that she was interrogated and somewhat forced to say that she murdered William. She asks Elizabeth to still believe in her innocence telling her that she knows how much she cared for William and how she treated him and the rest of the family as her own. They remain convinced of her innocence, but Justine is soon executed. Victor becomes consumed with guilt, knowing that the monster he created and the secrecy within which the creation took place have now caused the deaths of two of his family members.
Chapter -
After Justines execution, Victor becomes increasingly depressed. He considers suicide but restrains himself by thinking of Elizabeth and his father, whos name is now known as Alphonse. Alphonse, hoping to cheer up his son, takes his children on a trip to the family home at Belrive. From there, Victor wanders alone toward the valley of Chamounix. The beautiful scenery cheers him somewhat, but his pause from grief is short-lived.
Chapter 10-
One rainy day, Victor wakes up to find his old feelings of despair coming back. He decides to travel to the summit of Montanvert, hoping that the view of a pure, eternal, beautiful natural scene will revive his spirits. When he reaches the glacier at the top, he is momentarily consoled by the divine spectacle. As he crosses to the opposite side of the glacier, however, he spots a creature racing toward him at incredible speed. At closer range, he recognizes clearly the grotesque shape of the monster. He issues futile threats of attack to the monster, whose enormous strength and speed allow him to elude Victor easily. Victor curses him and tells him to go away, but the monster, speaking eloquently, persuades him to accompany him to a fire in a cave of ice. Inside the cave, the monster begins to narrate the events of his life.
Chapter 11-
Sitting by the fire in his hut, the monster tells Victor of the confusion that he experienced upon being created. He describes his flight from Victors apartment into the wilderness and his gradual adaptation to the world through his discovery of the sensations of light, dark, hunger, thirst, and cold. According to his story, one day he finds a fire and is pleased at the warmth it creates, but he becomes upset when he burns himself on the hot remains. He realizes that he can keep the fire alive by adding wood, and that the fire is good not only for heat and warmth but also as for making food more enjoyable. In search of food, the monster finds a hut and enters it. His presence causes an old man inside to shriek and run away in fear. The monster proceeds to a village, where more people flee at the sight of him. As a result of these incidents, he resolves to stay away from humans. One night he takes shelter in a small hole adjacent to a cottage. In the morning, he discovers that he can see into the cottage through a crack in the wall and observes that the occupants are a young man, a young woman, and an old man.
Chapter 1-
Observing his neighbors for some time, the monster notices that they often seem unhappy, though he is unsure why. He eventually realizes, however, that their despair results from poverty, to which he has been contributing by secretly stealing their food. Torn by his guilty conscience, he stops stealing their food and does what he can to reduce their hardship, gathering wood at night to leave at the door for their use. The monster becomes aware that his neighbors are able to communicate with eachother using strange sounds. Vowing to learn their language, he tries to match the sounds they make with the actions they perform. He acquires a basic knowledge of the language, including the names of the young man and woman, Felix and Agatha. He admires their graceful forms and is shocked by his ugliness when he catches sight of his reflection in a pool of water. He spends the whole winter in the hole, unobserved and well protected from the elements, and grows increasingly affectionate toward his accidental hosts.
Chapter 1-
As winter thaws into spring, the monster notices that the cottagers, particularly Felix, seem unhappy. A beautiful woman in a dark dress and veil arrives at the cottage on horseback and asks to see Felix. Felix becomes ecstatic the moment he sees her. The woman, who does not speak the language of the cottagers, is names Safie. She moves into the cottage, and the mood of the household immediately brightens. As Safie learns the language of the cottagers, so does the monster. He also learns to read, and, since Felix uses Constantin-Francois de Volneys Ruins of Empires to instruct Safie, he learns a bit of world history in the process. Now able to speak and understand the language perfectly, the monster learns about human society by listening to the cottagers converstations. Reflecting on his own situation, he realizes that he is deformed and alone. He also learns about the pleasures and obligations of the family and of human relations in general, which deepens the agony of his own isolation.
Chapter 14-
After some time, the monsters constant eavesdropping allows him to reconstruct the history of the cottagers. The old man, De Lacey, was once a wealthy and successful citizen in Paris; his children, Agatha and Felix, were well respected members of the community. Safies father, a Turk, was falsely accused of a crime and sentenced to death. Felix visited the Turk in prison and met his daughter, with whom he immediately fell in love with. Safie sent Felix letters thanking him for his good intentions to help her father and recounting the circumstances of her dilemma. The letters relate that Safies mother was a Christian Arab who had been enslaved by the Turks before marrying her father. She implanted in Safie an independence and intelligence that Islam prevented Turkish women from having. Safie was eager to marry a European man thereby escape the slavery that awaited her in Turkey. Felix successfully coordinated her fathers escape from prison, but when the plot was discovered, Felix, Agatha, and De Lacey were exiled from France and stripped of their wealth. They then moved into the cottage in Germany upon which the monster had stumbled. Meanwhile, the Turk tried to force Safie to return to Constantinople with him, but she managed to escape with some money and the knowledge of Felixs whereabouts.
Chapter 15-
While searching for food in the woods around the cottage one night, the monster, finds an abandoned leather satchel containing some clothes and books. Eager to learn more about the world than he can discover through the crack in the cottage wall, he brings the books back to his hole and begins to read. The books include Johann Wolfgang von Goethes Sorrows of Werter, a volume of Plutarchs Lives, and John Miltons Paradise Lost, the last of which has the most profound effect on the monster. Unaware that Paradise Lost is a work of imagination, he reads it as a factual history and finds a lot of similarity between the story and his own situation. Ransacking through the pockets of his own clothes, stolen awhile ago from Victors apartment, he finds some papers from Victors journal. With his ability to read, he soon understands the horrific manner of his own creation and the disgust with which his creator had towards him. Dismayed by these discoveries, the monster wants to reveal himself to the cottagers in the hope that they will see past his hideous exterior and befriend him. He decides to approach the blind De Lacey first, hoping to win him over while Felix, Agatha, and Safie are away. He believes that De Lacey, unprejudiced against his hideous exterior, may be able to convince the others of his gentle nature. The perfect opportunity soon presents itself, as Felix, Agatha, and Safie depart one day for a long walk. The monster nervously enters the cottage and begins to speak to the old man. Just as he begins to explain his situation, however, the other three return unexpectedly. Felix drives the monster away, horrified by his appearance.
Chapter 16-
In the wake of this rejection, the monster swears to revenge himself against all human beings, his creator in particular. Journeying for months out of sight of others, he makes his way toward Geneva. On the way, he spots a young girl, seemingly alone; the girl slips into a stream and appears to be on the verge of drowning. When the monster rescues the girl from the water, the man accompanying her, suspecting him of having attacked her, shoots him. As he nears Geneva, the monster runs across Victors younger brother, William, in the woods. When William mentions that his father is Alphose Frankenstein, the monster erupts in a rage of vengeance and strangles the boy to death with his bare hands. He takes a picture of Caroline Frankenstein that the boy has been holding and places it in the folds of the dress of a girl sleeping in a barn, Justine Moritz, who is later executed for Williams murder. Having explained to Victor the circumstances behind Williams murder and Justines conviction, the monster implores Victor to create another monster to accompany him and be his mate.
Chapter 17-
The monster tells Victor that it is his right to have a female monster companion. Victor refuses at first, but the monster appeals to his sense of responsibility as his creator. He tells Victor that all of his evil actions have been the result of a desperate loneliness. He promises to take his new mate to South America to hide in the jungle far from human contact. With the sympathy of a fellow monster, he argues, he will no longer be compelled to kill. Convinced by these arguments, Victor finally agrees to create a female monster. Overjoyed but still skeptical, the monster tells Victor that he will monitor Victors progress and that Victor need not worry about contacting him when his work is done.
Chapter 18-
After is fateful meeting with the monster on the glacier, Victor puts off the creation of a new, female creature. He begins to have doubts about the wisdom of agreeing to the monsters request. He realizes that the project will require him to travel to England to gather information. His father notices that his spirits are troubled most of the time--Victor, still full of guilt over the deaths of William and Justine, is now newly horrified by the task in which he is about to engage--and asks him if his up and coming marriage to Elizabeth is the source of his depression. Victor assures him that the prospect of marriage to Elizabeth is the only happiness in his life. Eager to raise Victors spirits, Alphonse suggests that they celebrate the marriage immediately. Victor refuses, unwilling to marry Elizabeth until he has completed his obligation to the monster. He asks his father if he can first travel to England, and Alphonse consents. Victor and his father arrange a two-year tour, on which Henry Clerval, eager to begin his studies after several years of unpleasant work with his father in Geneva, will accompany Victor. After traveling for a while, they reach London.
Chapter 1-
Victor and Henry journey through England and Scotland, but Victor grows impatient to begin his work and free himself of his bond to the monster. Victor has an acquaintance in a Scottish town, with who he urges Henry to stay with while he goes alone on a tour of Scotland. Henry agrees reluctantly, and Victor departs for a remote, desolate island in the Orkneys to complete his project. Quickly setting up a laboratory in a small shack, Victor devotes many hours to working on his new creature. He often has trouble continuing his work, however, knowing how unsatisfying, even grotesque, the product of his labor will be.
Chapter 0-
While working one night, Victor begins to think about what might happen after he finishes his creation. He imagines that his new creature might not want to seclude herself, as the monster had promised, or that the two creatures might have children, creating a race of devils on earth. In the midst of these reflections and growing concern, Victor looks up to see the monster grinning at him through the window. Overcome by the monsters hideousness and the possibility of a second creature like him, he destroys his work in progress. The monster becomes enraged at Victor for breaking his promise, and at the prospect of his own continued emptiness. He curses and vows revenge, then departs, swearing that he will be with Victor on his wedding night. The following night, Victor receives a letter from Henry, who, tired of Scotland, suggests that they continue their travels. Before he leaves his shack, Victor cleans and packs his chemical instruments and collects the remains of his second creature. Late that evening, he rows out onto the ocean and throws the remains into the water, allowing himself to rest in the boat for a while. When he wakes, he finds that the winds will not permit him to return to shore. Panicking, in fear for his life, he contemplates the possibility of dying at sea, blown far out into the Atlantic. Soon the winds change, however, and he reaches shore near a town. When he lands, a group of townspeople greet him rudely, telling him that he is under suspicion for a murder discovered the previous night.
Chapter 1-
After confronting Victor, the townspeople take him to Mr. Kirwin, the town judge. Victor hears witnesses testify against him, claiming that they found the body of a man along the beach the previous night and that, just before finding the body, they saw a boat in the water that resembled Victors. Mr. Kirwin decides to bring Victor to look at the body to see what effect it has on him if Victor is the murderer, perhaps he will react with visible emotion. When Victor sees the body, he does indeed react with horror, for the victim is Henry Clerval, with the black marks of the monsters hands around his neck. In shock, Victor falls into convulsions and suffers a long illness. Victor remains ill for two months. Upon his recovery, he finds himself still in prison. Mr. Kirwin, now compassionate and much more sympathetic than before Victors illness, visits him in his cell. He tells him that he has a visitor, and for a moment Victor fears that the monster has come to cause him even more misery. The visitor turns out to be his father, who, upon hearing of his sons illness and the death of his friend, rushed from Geneva to see him. Victor is overjoyed to see his father, who stays with him until court, having nothing but circumstantial evidence, finds him innocent of Henrys murder. After his release, Victor departs with his father to Geneva.
Chapter -
On their way home, Victor and his father stop in Paris, where Victor rests to recover his strength. Just before leaving Geneva, he recieves a letter from Elizabeth. Worried by Victors recurrent illnesses, she asks him if he is in love with someone else, to which Victor replies that she is the only source of his joy. The letter reminds him of the monsters threat that he will be with Victor on his wedding night. He believes that the monster intends to attack him and resolves that he will fight back. Whichever one of them is destroyed, his misery will at last come to an end. Eventually, Victor and his father arrive home and begin planning the wedding. Elizabeth is still worried about Victor, but he assures her that all will be well after the wedding. He has a terrible secret, he tells her, that he can only reveal to her after they are married. As the wedding day approaches, Victor grows more and more nervous about his impending confrontation with the monster. Finally, the wedding takes place, and Victor and Elizabeth depart for a family cottage to spend the night.
Chapter -
In the evening, Victor and Elizabeth walk around the area, but Victor can think of nothing but the monsters expected arrival. Inside, Victor worries that Elizabeth might be upset by the monsters appearance and the battle between them. He tells her to retire for the night. He begins to search for the monster in the house, when suddenly he hears Elizabeth scream and realizes that it was never his death that the monster had been intending this night. Consumed with grief over Elizabeths death, Victor returns home and tells his father the gruesome news. Shocked by the tragic end of what should have been a joyous day, his father dies a few days later. Victor finally breaks his secrecy and tries to convince a judge in Geneva that an unnatural monster is responsible for the death of Elizabeth, but the judge does not believe him. Victor decides to devote the rest of his life to finding and destroying the monster.
Chapter 4-
With his whole family destroyed, Victor decides to leave Geneva and the painful memories it holds behind him forever. He track the monster for months, guided by slight clues, messages, and hints that the monster leaves him. Mad by these taunts, Victor continues his pursuit into the ice and snow of the North. There he meets Walton and tells his story. He entreats Walton to continue his search for vengeance after he is dead. Walton then regains control of the story, continuing it in the form of more letters to his sister. He tells her that he believes in the truth of Victors story. He complains that he did not know Victor, who remains on the brink of death, in better days. One morning, Waltons crewmen enters his cabin and begs him to promise that they will return to England if they break out of the ice in which they have been trapped ever since the night they first saw the monsters sledge. Victor speaks up, however, and convinces the men that the glory and honor of their quest should be enough motivation for them to continue toward their goal. They are momentarily moved, but two days later they again plead with Walton, who consents to the plan of return. Just before the ship is set to head back to England, Victor dies. Several days later, Walton hears a strange sound coming from the room in which Victors body lies. Investigating the noise, Walton is startled to find the monster, as hideous as Victor had described, weeping over his dead creators body. The monster begins to tell him of all his sufferings. He says that he deeply regrets having become an instrument of evil and that, with his creator dead, he is ready to die. He leaves the ship and departs into the darkness.
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Letters 1-4-
The four letters are written by the explorer Robert Walton to his sister Margaret Saville. Walton, a Englishman with a love for seafaring, is the captain of a ship heading on a dangerous voyage to the North Pole. In the first letter, he tells his sister about the preparations leading up to his departure and about his desire to accomplish some great purpose. In the second letter, Walton complains about his lack of friends. He feels lonely and isolated, too sophisticated to find comfort in his shipmates and too uneducated to find a sensitive person to share his dreams with. In the third letter, Walton tells his sister that his ship has set sail and that he has full confidence that he will achieve his goal. In the fourth letter, the ship stalls between huge sheets of ice, and Walton and his men find a sledge guided by a gigantic creature about half a mile away. The next morning, they encounter another sledge stranded on an iceberg. All but one of the dogs pulling the sledge died, and the man on the sledge is emaciated, weak, and starving. Despite his condition, the man refuses to board the ship until Walton tells him that it is heading north. The stranger spends two days recovering, nursed by the crew, before he could talk. The crew is dying with curiosity, but Walton, aware of the mans fragile state, prevents his men from bothering the stranger with questions. As time passes, Walton and the stranger become friends, and the stranger eventually starts to tell Walton his story. At the end of the fourth letter, Walton states that the visitor will begin his story the next day.
Chapter 1-
The stranger, who the reader soon learns is Victor Frankenstein, is now the main narrator of the story, and he begins it just before he was born. His father was heavily involved in the affairs of his country, Geneva, delaying marriage until later on in his life. He eventually quit public life to become a father and husband. Victors father and Mr. Beaufort, his mother Carolines father, were pretty good friends. Mr Beaufort and his daughter move from Geneva to Lucerne, to look for refuge from poverty and a damaged reputation. While in Lucerne, Beaufort had saved a small amount of money and had somewhat recovered his reputation, but he became ill and within a couple months had died. When Victors father finds the Beaufort house, he discovers a weakened Caroline grieving at her fathers coffin. He decides to give his friend a decent burial and sends Caroline to his family in Geneva to recover. During the next two years, Victors father visits Caroline, they eventually get married, and Victor is born soon after.Frankenstein then describes how his childhood companion, Elizabeth Lavenza, entered his family. Elizabeth is discovered by Caroline, on a trip to Italy, when Victor is about five years old. While visiting a poor Italian family, Caroline notices a beautiful blonde girl among the dark-haired Italian children; upon discovering that Elizabeth is the orphaned daughter of a Milanese nobleman and a German woman and that the Italian family can barely afford to feed her, Caroline adopts Elizabeth and brings her back to Geneva. Victors mother decides at the moment of the adoption that Elizabeth and Victor should someday marry.
Chapter -
Elizabeth and Victor grow up together as best friends, and around the age of seven, Victors younger brother is born. Victors friendship with Henry Clerval, a schoolmate and only child, flourishes as well, and he spends his childhood happily surrounded by this close domestic circle. As a teenager, Victor becomes very fascinated by the mysteries of the natural world. He comes across a book by Cornelius Agrippa, a sixteenth-century scholar of the sciences, and becomes interested in natural philosophy. He studies the outdated findings of the alchemists Agrippa, Paracelsus, and Albertus Magnus with great enthusiasm. He then witnesses the destructive power of nature when, during a raging storm, lightning destroys a tree near his house. A modern natural philosopher accompanying the Frankenstein family explains to Victor the workings of electricity, making the ideas of the alchemists seem outdated and worthless.
Chapter -
At the age of seventeen, Victor leaves his family in Geneva to attend the university at Ingolstadt. Just before Victor departs, his mother catches scarlet fever from Elizabeth, whom she has been nursing back to health, and dies. On her deathbed, she begs Elizabeth and Victor to marry. Several weeks later, still grieving, Victor goes off to Ingolstadt. Arriving at the university, he finds quarters in the town and sets up a meeting with a professor of natural philosophy, Mr. Krempe. Krempe tells Victor that all the time that Victor has spent studying the alchemists has been wasted, further stopping Victor on studying natural philosophy. He then attends a lecture in chemistry by a professor named Waldman.This lecture, along with a meeting with the professor, convinces Victor to pursue his studies in the sciences.
Chapter 4-
Victor attacks his studies with enthusiasm and, ignoring his social life and his family far away in Geneva, makes quick progress. Fascinated by the mystery of the creation of life, he begins to study how the human body is built and how it falls apart. After several years of tireless work, he masters all that his professors have to teach him, and he goes one step further by discovering the secret of life. Privately, hidden away in his apartment where no one can see him work, he decides to begin the construction of an animate creature, envisioning the creation of a new race of wonderful beings. Actively devoting himself to this labor, he neglects everything else-family, friends, studies, and social life-and grows increasingly pale, lonely, and obsessed.
Chapter 5-
One stormy night, after months of labor, Victor completes his creation. But when he brings it to life, its awful appearance horrifies him. He rushes to the next room and tries to sleep, but he is troubled by nightmares about Elizabeth and his mothers corpse. He wakes to discover the monster looming over his bed with a grotesque smile and rushes out of the house. He spends the night pacing in his courtyard. The next morning, he goes walking in the town of Ingolstadt, frantically avoiding a return to his now-haunted apartment. As he walks by the town inn, Victor comes across his friend Henry Clerval, who has just arrived to begin studying at the university. Delighted to see Henry, a breath of fresh air, and a reminder of his family after so many months of isolation and ill health, he brings him back to his apartment. Victor enters first and is relieved to find no sign of the monster. But, weakened by months of work and shock at the horrific being he has created, he immediately falls ill with a nervous fever that lasts several months. Henry nurses him back to health and, when Victor has recovered, gives him a letter from Elizabeth that had arrived during his illness.
Chapter 6-
Elizabeths letter expresses her concern about Victors illness and entreats him to write to his family in Geneva as soon as he can. She also tells him that Justine Moritz, a girl who used to live with the Frankenstein family, has returned to their house following her mothers death. After Victor has recovered, he introduces Henry, who is studying Oriental languages, to the professors at the university. The task is painful, however, since the sight of any chemical instrument worsens Victors symptoms; even speaking to his professors torments him. He decides to return to Geneva and waits for a letter from his father specifying the date of his departure. Meanwhile, him and Henry take a tour through the country, uplifting their spirits with the beauties of nature.
Chapter 7-
When they return to the university, Victor finds a letter from his father telling him that Victors youngest brother, William, has been murdered. Saddened and shocked by this news, Victor departs immediately for Geneva. By the time he arrives, night has fallen and the gates of Geneva have been shut, so he spends the evening walking in the woods around the outskirts of the town. As he walks near the spot where his brothers body was found, he finds the monster lurking and becomes convinced that his creation is responsible for killing William. The next day, however, when he returns home, Victor learns that Justine has been accused of the murder. After the discovery of the body, a servant had found in Justines pocket a picture of Caroline Frankenstein last seen in Williams possession. Victor announces Justines innocence, but the evidence against her seems certain, and Victor refuses to explain himself for fear that he will be labeled insane.
Chapter 8-
Justine confesses to the crime, believing that she will gain salvation, but tells Elizabeth and Victor that she is innocent and miserable. She explains to them that she was interrogated and somewhat forced to say that she murdered William. She asks Elizabeth to still believe in her innocence telling her that she knows how much she cared for William and how she treated him and the rest of the family as her own. They remain convinced of her innocence, but Justine is soon executed. Victor becomes consumed with guilt, knowing that the monster he created and the secrecy within which the creation took place have now caused the deaths of two of his family members.
Chapter -
After Justines execution, Victor becomes increasingly depressed. He considers suicide but restrains himself by thinking of Elizabeth and his father, whos name is now known as Alphonse. Alphonse, hoping to cheer up his son, takes his children on a trip to the family home at Belrive. From there, Victor wanders alone toward the valley of Chamounix. The beautiful scenery cheers him somewhat, but his pause from grief is short-lived.
Chapter 10-
One rainy day, Victor wakes up to find his old feelings of despair coming back. He decides to travel to the summit of Montanvert, hoping that the view of a pure, eternal, beautiful natural scene will revive his spirits. When he reaches the glacier at the top, he is momentarily consoled by the divine spectacle. As he crosses to the opposite side of the glacier, however, he spots a creature racing toward him at incredible speed. At closer range, he recognizes clearly the grotesque shape of the monster. He issues futile threats of attack to the monster, whose enormous strength and speed allow him to elude Victor easily. Victor curses him and tells him to go away, but the monster, speaking eloquently, persuades him to accompany him to a fire in a cave of ice. Inside the cave, the monster begins to narrate the events of his life.
Chapter 11-
Sitting by the fire in his hut, the monster tells Victor of the confusion that he experienced upon being created. He describes his flight from Victors apartment into the wilderness and his gradual adaptation to the world through his discovery of the sensations of light, dark, hunger, thirst, and cold. According to his story, one day he finds a fire and is pleased at the warmth it creates, but he becomes upset when he burns himself on the hot remains. He realizes that he can keep the fire alive by adding wood, and that the fire is good not only for heat and warmth but also as for making food more enjoyable. In search of food, the monster finds a hut and enters it. His presence causes an old man inside to shriek and run away in fear. The monster proceeds to a village, where more people flee at the sight of him. As a result of these incidents, he resolves to stay away from humans. One night he takes shelter in a small hole adjacent to a cottage. In the morning, he discovers that he can see into the cottage through a crack in the wall and observes that the occupants are a young man, a young woman, and an old man.
Chapter 1-
Observing his neighbors for some time, the monster notices that they often seem unhappy, though he is unsure why. He eventually realizes, however, that their despair results from poverty, to which he has been contributing by secretly stealing their food. Torn by his guilty conscience, he stops stealing their food and does what he can to reduce their hardship, gathering wood at night to leave at the door for their use. The monster becomes aware that his neighbors are able to communicate with eachother using strange sounds. Vowing to learn their language, he tries to match the sounds they make with the actions they perform. He acquires a basic knowledge of the language, including the names of the young man and woman, Felix and Agatha. He admires their graceful forms and is shocked by his ugliness when he catches sight of his reflection in a pool of water. He spends the whole winter in the hole, unobserved and well protected from the elements, and grows increasingly affectionate toward his accidental hosts.
Chapter 1-
As winter thaws into spring, the monster notices that the cottagers, particularly Felix, seem unhappy. A beautiful woman in a dark dress and veil arrives at the cottage on horseback and asks to see Felix. Felix becomes ecstatic the moment he sees her. The woman, who does not speak the language of the cottagers, is names Safie. She moves into the cottage, and the mood of the household immediately brightens. As Safie learns the language of the cottagers, so does the monster. He also learns to read, and, since Felix uses Constantin-Francois de Volneys Ruins of Empires to instruct Safie, he learns a bit of world history in the process. Now able to speak and understand the language perfectly, the monster learns about human society by listening to the cottagers converstations. Reflecting on his own situation, he realizes that he is deformed and alone. He also learns about the pleasures and obligations of the family and of human relations in general, which deepens the agony of his own isolation.
Chapter 14-
After some time, the monsters constant eavesdropping allows him to reconstruct the history of the cottagers. The old man, De Lacey, was once a wealthy and successful citizen in Paris; his children, Agatha and Felix, were well respected members of the community. Safies father, a Turk, was falsely accused of a crime and sentenced to death. Felix visited the Turk in prison and met his daughter, with whom he immediately fell in love with. Safie sent Felix letters thanking him for his good intentions to help her father and recounting the circumstances of her dilemma. The letters relate that Safies mother was a Christian Arab who had been enslaved by the Turks before marrying her father. She implanted in Safie an independence and intelligence that Islam prevented Turkish women from having. Safie was eager to marry a European man thereby escape the slavery that awaited her in Turkey. Felix successfully coordinated her fathers escape from prison, but when the plot was discovered, Felix, Agatha, and De Lacey were exiled from France and stripped of their wealth. They then moved into the cottage in Germany upon which the monster had stumbled. Meanwhile, the Turk tried to force Safie to return to Constantinople with him, but she managed to escape with some money and the knowledge of Felixs whereabouts.
Chapter 15-
While searching for food in the woods around the cottage one night, the monster, finds an abandoned leather satchel containing some clothes and books. Eager to learn more about the world than he can discover through the crack in the cottage wall, he brings the books back to his hole and begins to read. The books include Johann Wolfgang von Goethes Sorrows of Werter, a volume of Plutarchs Lives, and John Miltons Paradise Lost, the last of which has the most profound effect on the monster. Unaware that Paradise Lost is a work of imagination, he reads it as a factual history and finds a lot of similarity between the story and his own situation. Ransacking through the pockets of his own clothes, stolen awhile ago from Victors apartment, he finds some papers from Victors journal. With his ability to read, he soon understands the horrific manner of his own creation and the disgust with which his creator had towards him. Dismayed by these discoveries, the monster wants to reveal himself to the cottagers in the hope that they will see past his hideous exterior and befriend him. He decides to approach the blind De Lacey first, hoping to win him over while Felix, Agatha, and Safie are away. He believes that De Lacey, unprejudiced against his hideous exterior, may be able to convince the others of his gentle nature. The perfect opportunity soon presents itself, as Felix, Agatha, and Safie depart one day for a long walk. The monster nervously enters the cottage and begins to speak to the old man. Just as he begins to explain his situation, however, the other three return unexpectedly. Felix drives the monster away, horrified by his appearance.
Chapter 16-
In the wake of this rejection, the monster swears to revenge himself against all human beings, his creator in particular. Journeying for months out of sight of others, he makes his way toward Geneva. On the way, he spots a young girl, seemingly alone; the girl slips into a stream and appears to be on the verge of drowning. When the monster rescues the girl from the water, the man accompanying her, suspecting him of having attacked her, shoots him. As he nears Geneva, the monster runs across Victors younger brother, William, in the woods. When William mentions that his father is Alphose Frankenstein, the monster erupts in a rage of vengeance and strangles the boy to death with his bare hands. He takes a picture of Caroline Frankenstein that the boy has been holding and places it in the folds of the dress of a girl sleeping in a barn, Justine Moritz, who is later executed for Williams murder. Having explained to Victor the circumstances behind Williams murder and Justines conviction, the monster implores Victor to create another monster to accompany him and be his mate.
Chapter 17-
The monster tells Victor that it is his right to have a female monster companion. Victor refuses at first, but the monster appeals to his sense of responsibility as his creator. He tells Victor that all of his evil actions have been the result of a desperate loneliness. He promises to take his new mate to South America to hide in the jungle far from human contact. With the sympathy of a fellow monster, he argues, he will no longer be compelled to kill. Convinced by these arguments, Victor finally agrees to create a female monster. Overjoyed but still skeptical, the monster tells Victor that he will monitor Victors progress and that Victor need not worry about contacting him when his work is done.
Chapter 18-
After is fateful meeting with the monster on the glacier, Victor puts off the creation of a new, female creature. He begins to have doubts about the wisdom of agreeing to the monsters request. He realizes that the project will require him to travel to England to gather information. His father notices that his spirits are troubled most of the time--Victor, still full of guilt over the deaths of William and Justine, is now newly horrified by the task in which he is about to engage--and asks him if his up and coming marriage to Elizabeth is the source of his depression. Victor assures him that the prospect of marriage to Elizabeth is the only happiness in his life. Eager to raise Victors spirits, Alphonse suggests that they celebrate the marriage immediately. Victor refuses, unwilling to marry Elizabeth until he has completed his obligation to the monster. He asks his father if he can first travel to England, and Alphonse consents. Victor and his father arrange a two-year tour, on which Henry Clerval, eager to begin his studies after several years of unpleasant work with his father in Geneva, will accompany Victor. After traveling for a while, they reach London.
Chapter 1-
Victor and Henry journey through England and Scotland, but Victor grows impatient to begin his work and free himself of his bond to the monster. Victor has an acquaintance in a Scottish town, with who he urges Henry to stay with while he goes alone on a tour of Scotland. Henry agrees reluctantly, and Victor departs for a remote, desolate island in the Orkneys to complete his project. Quickly setting up a laboratory in a small shack, Victor devotes many hours to working on his new creature. He often has trouble continuing his work, however, knowing how unsatisfying, even grotesque, the product of his labor will be.
Chapter 0-
While working one night, Victor begins to think about what might happen after he finishes his creation. He imagines that his new creature might not want to seclude herself, as the monster had promised, or that the two creatures might have children, creating a race of devils on earth. In the midst of these reflections and growing concern, Victor looks up to see the monster grinning at him through the window. Overcome by the monsters hideousness and the possibility of a second creature like him, he destroys his work in progress. The monster becomes enraged at Victor for breaking his promise, and at the prospect of his own continued emptiness. He curses and vows revenge, then departs, swearing that he will be with Victor on his wedding night. The following night, Victor receives a letter from Henry, who, tired of Scotland, suggests that they continue their travels. Before he leaves his shack, Victor cleans and packs his chemical instruments and collects the remains of his second creature. Late that evening, he rows out onto the ocean and throws the remains into the water, allowing himself to rest in the boat for a while. When he wakes, he finds that the winds will not permit him to return to shore. Panicking, in fear for his life, he contemplates the possibility of dying at sea, blown far out into the Atlantic. Soon the winds change, however, and he reaches shore near a town. When he lands, a group of townspeople greet him rudely, telling him that he is under suspicion for a murder discovered the previous night.
Chapter 1-
After confronting Victor, the townspeople take him to Mr. Kirwin, the town judge. Victor hears witnesses testify against him, claiming that they found the body of a man along the beach the previous night and that, just before finding the body, they saw a boat in the water that resembled Victors. Mr. Kirwin decides to bring Victor to look at the body to see what effect it has on him if Victor is the murderer, perhaps he will react with visible emotion. When Victor sees the body, he does indeed react with horror, for the victim is Henry Clerval, with the black marks of the monsters hands around his neck. In shock, Victor falls into convulsions and suffers a long illness. Victor remains ill for two months. Upon his recovery, he finds himself still in prison. Mr. Kirwin, now compassionate and much more sympathetic than before Victors illness, visits him in his cell. He tells him that he has a visitor, and for a moment Victor fears that the monster has come to cause him even more misery. The visitor turns out to be his father, who, upon hearing of his sons illness and the death of his friend, rushed from Geneva to see him. Victor is overjoyed to see his father, who stays with him until court, having nothing but circumstantial evidence, finds him innocent of Henrys murder. After his release, Victor departs with his father to Geneva.
Chapter -
On their way home, Victor and his father stop in Paris, where Victor rests to recover his strength. Just before leaving Geneva, he recieves a letter from Elizabeth. Worried by Victors recurrent illnesses, she asks him if he is in love with someone else, to which Victor replies that she is the only source of his joy. The letter reminds him of the monsters threat that he will be with Victor on his wedding night. He believes that the monster intends to attack him and resolves that he will fight back. Whichever one of them is destroyed, his misery will at last come to an end. Eventually, Victor and his father arrive home and begin planning the wedding. Elizabeth is still worried about Victor, but he assures her that all will be well after the wedding. He has a terrible secret, he tells her, that he can only reveal to her after they are married. As the wedding day approaches, Victor grows more and more nervous about his impending confrontation with the monster. Finally, the wedding takes place, and Victor and Elizabeth depart for a family cottage to spend the night.
Chapter -
In the evening, Victor and Elizabeth walk around the area, but Victor can think of nothing but the monsters expected arrival. Inside, Victor worries that Elizabeth might be upset by the monsters appearance and the battle between them. He tells her to retire for the night. He begins to search for the monster in the house, when suddenly he hears Elizabeth scream and realizes that it was never his death that the monster had been intending this night. Consumed with grief over Elizabeths death, Victor returns home and tells his father the gruesome news. Shocked by the tragic end of what should have been a joyous day, his father dies a few days later. Victor finally breaks his secrecy and tries to convince a judge in Geneva that an unnatural monster is responsible for the death of Elizabeth, but the judge does not believe him. Victor decides to devote the rest of his life to finding and destroying the monster.
Chapter 4-
With his whole family destroyed, Victor decides to leave Geneva and the painful memories it holds behind him forever. He track the monster for months, guided by slight clues, messages, and hints that the monster leaves him. Mad by these taunts, Victor continues his pursuit into the ice and snow of the North. There he meets Walton and tells his story. He entreats Walton to continue his search for vengeance after he is dead. Walton then regains control of the story, continuing it in the form of more letters to his sister. He tells her that he believes in the truth of Victors story. He complains that he did not know Victor, who remains on the brink of death, in better days. One morning, Waltons crewmen enters his cabin and begs him to promise that they will return to England if they break out of the ice in which they have been trapped ever since the night they first saw the monsters sledge. Victor speaks up, however, and convinces the men that the glory and honor of their quest should be enough motivation for them to continue toward their goal. They are momentarily moved, but two days later they again plead with Walton, who consents to the plan of return. Just before the ship is set to head back to England, Victor dies. Several days later, Walton hears a strange sound coming from the room in which Victors body lies. Investigating the noise, Walton is startled to find the monster, as hideous as Victor had described, weeping over his dead creators body. The monster begins to tell him of all his sufferings. He says that he deeply regrets having become an instrument of evil and that, with his creator dead, he is ready to die. He leaves the ship and departs into the darkness.
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Feasibility Study For The Construction Of Cabins
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FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF CABINS
Prepared by
Elise Paunic of McDuff, Inc.
Prepared for
McDuff, Inc.
April 0, 00
MEMORANDUM
DATE January 10, 00
TO Fred Washington, Headquarters Director of Land Resources
FROM Elise Paunic, Director of Alaska Division EP
SUBJECT Feasibility Study
As you requested, I will conduct a study to determine the feasibility of building three cabins on the 1.14 acres of land near Talkeetna, Alaska. The land is vacant at this time, and it can no longer be used for recreation activities, because the area is steadily becoming a residential neighborhood. McDuff, Inc. needs to put this land to use, but I will begin the feasibility study this week, and I will send you frequent updates of my progress. When the study is completed I will inform you with the results. Please give me a call if you would like additional details about the study or if you need any further work done regarding this matter.
Introductory Summary
McDuff, Inc. requested this feasibility study because the company owned land near Talkeetna, Alaska is vacant, and is not currently making any profits. The purpose of this feasibility study is to determine if the 1.14 acres of land could accommodate three 16 X 4 recreational cabins, which could then be rented out to generate potential revenue. There are three criteria I addressed within this study time, cost, and the overall effectiveness of the project. I recommend that McDuff, Inc. approves this project as soon as possible, and begins construction of the cabins on May 1st, 00.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
MEMO OF TRANSMITTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
INTRODUCTORY SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS & LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
PROJECT DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
PROBLEM STATEMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
BACKGROUND INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
RESEARCH ON THE PROBLEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
IMPLICATIONS OF THE PROBLEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
FEASIBLE SOLUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
TIME CONSTRAINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COSTS OF PROJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DETAILED COST INFORMATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
DETAILED COST INFORMATION CONTINUED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
EFFECTIVENESS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
CHOSEN SOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
CONCLUSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
APPENDIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
TABLES
1. Census Population History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
. Housing Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
. Estimated Total Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
FIGURES
1. Talkeetna Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
. Gantt Chart Timeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDICES
A. Spenard Builders Supply (Building Kit Packet) . . . . . .16-4
B. Talkeetna Residents Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
C. Site Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
D. Acknowledgement of Existing Land Use Regulations 7-5
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
McDuff, Inc. builds rental cabins on previously remote land.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
In 160 McDuff, Inc. purchased 1.14 acres of remote land near Talkeetna, Alaska to use as recreation property, so employees could retreat to snow machine, dog sled, and engage in various recreational activities. In recent years the Talkeetna area has been experiencing a rapid growth in population, which has encircled this once remote property with year-round residences, borough maintained roads, and electricity supply. This land is no longer considered useful for its previously intended purpose. McDuff, Inc. is now faced with the dilemma of what to currently use this land for.
PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS
According to LeRoy Oscar Anderson, author of Wood-Frame House Construction (1), the four essentials of every good quality home are an efficient plan, the right materials, sound construction, and energy efficiency. By fulfilling the specifications listed below McDuff, Inc. will solve the previously stated problem
1. File an acknowledgement of existing land use regulations development checklist with the Matanuska-Susitna Borough, and include a sketch. Note both of these are attached at the end of this study in the appendix.
. Obtain necessary driveway permits.
. Approve water and wastewater disposal systems with the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC).
4. Complete the design layout of three 16 X 4 cabins, and obtain necessary cabin materials and equipment.
5. Construct driveways.
6. Have Matanuska Electric Company (MEA) install the electricity supply to the property.
7. Prepare individual cabin sites for laying the foundations.
8. Install septic system.
. Drill well for water supply.
10. Construct each foundation for the cabins according to the design plans.
11. Erect the three 16 X 4 cabins.
1. Advertise the cabins for rent amongst the local area.
Provided that the above steps are completed, McDuffs land will no longer be vacant, and will begin generating substantial revenue.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
a.) History of the Problem
According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development (DCED), from the years 10 to 000 the population of Talkeetna has consistently been growing. The table below shows the most current data that was provided by DCED.
Census Population History
YEARS POPULATION
10 70
10 8
140 16
150 106
160 76
170 18
180 64
10 50
000 77
Table 1
Talkeetnas population has been on the rise for quite a few years, and each year the area attracts new visitors, which tend to become year-round residents. The small town of Talkeetna (an Indian word meaning river of plenty) is located at the mouth of the Talkeetna River where it meets with the Chulitna and Susitna Rivers. World-class charter fishing and scenic riverboat and raft trips make 00 miles of beautiful river accessible to all. Bear, beaver, bald eagle, and moose are frequently seen on the riverbanks. Nestled at the base of Mount McKinley, North Americas tallest peak, the historic village of Talkeetna has an outstanding panoramic view of the Alaska Range. Mountain climbers from all over the world travel to Talkeetna to attempt conquering Mount McKinley every year.
Talkeetna is a unique small rural community, and a major tourist attraction in Alaska. As you can see there are many different characteristics about Talkeetna that make it appealing to visitors, and to local residents. Due to the overwhelming amounts of visitors each year, and that many of those visitors wish to become residents there is an extreme demand for housing. By building these three rental cabins, McDuff, Inc. will be providing much needed housing for the area.
b.) Research on the Problem
After conducting a survey consisting of five yes or no questions amongst 0, year-round Talkeetna residents, the results of only one of those questions is listed in the following chart, but the complete survey is attached at the end of this study in the appendix.
Figure 1
As you can see many people feel that there is a definite demand for housing, and at this time not enough is available. The following information was provided by the DCED, which was obtained from the 000 U.S. Census
Housing Characteristics
Total Housing Units 58
Occupied Housing (Households) 58
Vacant Housing 170
Vacant Due to Seasonal Use 11
Owner-Occupied Housing 6
Median Value Owned Homes $88,000.00
Renter-Occupied Housing 5
Median Rent Paid $61.00
Total Households 58
Average Family Household Size .
Non-Family Households 177
Population living in Households 77
Population living in Group Quarters 0
Table
c.) Implications of the problem on the following areas society, safety, and environment
Since McDuff, Inc. has been using the 1.14 acres of land for employee retreats for some time now, but recently many residents have complained about snow- machines, and dogsled teams being in the residential area. In the past before the established residences came about it was perfectly fine to use the 1.14 acres for recreational purposes; although, at this current time if such activities continue it will have a negative impact on the society in Talkeetna.
This issue also brings about some safety concerns, because the land at one point did not have road access, so it was permitted to travel on snow machines, four-wheelers, and dog sleds. By now the land has borough maintained roads that cars and trucks travel on, and with the continuing use of snow machines, four-wheelers, and dog sled teams competing to use the well maintained roads could quite possibly cause some serious traffic accidents.
The environment conservation of this residential area is also a huge concern, because dog sled teams leave a lot of fecal matter behind. This area has a lot of children playing outside throughout each year, and the allowance of dog sled teams in the area could possibly inflict disease amongst the local residents. The use of snow machines, and four-wheelers in this area creates a noise obstruction, which takes away from the pristine beauty of the area.
FEASIBLE SOLUTIONS
There are three major criteria that I addressed. First, the time constraint issue, because Alaska building season is from May 1st through September 1st, so that is a fairly short period of time to finish the construction of three 16 X 4 cabins. Second, the cost of this project must be as little as possible although, the cabins must be of good quality for the price. Lastly, after the project is totally completed the project must prove its effectiveness, because it will bring in enough revenue to pay off McDuffs total costs for this project; furthermore, it must show that it was a good investment choice by the amount of revenue the three cabins will continuously generate.
TIME CONSTRAINTS
Alaska building season is from May 1st through September 1st, and below is a Gantt chart showing the pre-planned timeline to ensure the swift and successful completion of this project. The following timeline assumes that the below bulleted items have been completed prior to the beginning of building season
· An acknowledgement of existing land use regulations development checklist has been filed with the Matanuska-Susitna Borough.
· The driveway permits have been acquired.
· The cabins design layout has been drawn up, and all of the needed building materials have been acquired.
Figure
COSTS OF PROJECT
McDuff, Inc. has not defined a budget for this project; although, the ending result must be of good quality workmanship for the total cost spent. The three cabins will be built by purchasing three 16 X 4 recreational cabin-building kits from Spenard Builders Supply in Wasilla, Alaska. The following price information was obtained from local businesses in the Anchorage Municipality, and Matanuska-Susitna Borough areas.
Below is a table showing the estimated total costs for this project.
Materials Price Quote Source Prices
ICBO Inspector Talkeetna Real Estate $600.00
Excavation Craig Taylor Equipment $1,000.00
Well Hood & Sons Pump & Drilling Co. $4,500.00
Septic A-TWO Septic $5,000.00
Foundation Spenard Builders Supply $4,500.00
Framing Spenard Builders Supply $0,000.00
Plumbing Spenard Builders Supply $,000.00
Electrical Spenard Builders Supply $4,500.00
Insulation Spenard Builders Supply $1,500.00
Interior Trim Home Depot $,000.00
Appliances Home Depot $,000.00
Flooring Home Depot $1,500.00
Labor Approximate Bacon-Davis Wages $,000.00
Miscellaneous Matanuska-Susitna Borough $,000.00
TOTAL $,100.00
Table
DETAILED COST INFORMATION
Below is a detailed description of how each price quote was obtained along with the information that was provided
· ICBO Inspector I spoke with Roger at Talkeetna Real Estate, and he gave a price quote of $600.00, which is based on what it would cost to have an ICBO inspector travel from Wasilla to Talkeetna to perform the inspection verifying that the cabins are all built to the Matanuska-Susitna Borough building codes.
· Excavation I spoke with a representative at Craig Taylor Equipment, and the price quote of $1,000.00 is based on a rough estimate of what it would cost to rent the needed heavy equipment for the landscaping and construction needs for this project.
· Well I spoke with a representative at Hood & Sons Pump and Drilling Co. in Wasilla, Alaska, and the price quote he gave of $4,500.00 is a rough estimate of what it would cost to drill to install one well to accommodate the water needs of all three cabins. There would need to be one pressure tank installed in each cabin; whereas, one of those three pressure tanks would be the main pressure tank that runs the water pump from the well. The water pump would have to be at least 1/ horsepower to be effective. The rough estimate for installation of the entire system is $4,500.00.
· Septic I spoke to a representative at A-TWO Septic Co. in Wasilla, Alaska, and he said that one 1000-gallon tank would be needed to accommodate all three cabins, and since the cabins will be in close proximity of each other it is not necessary to install a separate septic system for each. The price quote of $5,000.00 is a rough estimate of what it would cost to install the entire septic system. The routine maintenance of the installed septic system would run approximately $160.00 for every two years.
· Foundation I spoke with a couple different representatives at Spenard Builders Supply in Wasilla, Alaska, and they provided me with a packet showing the detailed materials and prices that make up the total cost for a 16 X 4 recreational cabin building kit. I then multiplied those figures by three to come up with the price quote of $4,500.00 for the approximate total cost needed for all three of the cabins foundations.
· Framing Based on the building kit packet the costs were multiplied by three to show the total cost of what it will take to frame all three cabins. The approximate total framing cost is $0,000.00.
· Plumbing Based on the building kit packet the costs were multiplied by three to show the total cost of what it will require to do the plumbing for all three cabins. The approximate total plumbing cost is $,000.00.
· Electrical Based on the building kit packet the costs were multiplied by three to show the total cost of what it will take to wire all three cabins. The approximate total electrical cost is $4,500.00.
· Insulation Based on the building kit packet the costs were multiplied by three to show the total cost needed for the insulation in all three cabins. The approximate total cost is $1,500.00.
· Interior Trim After consulting a representative at Home Depot in Anchorage, Alaska, I was provided with the Home Depot Pro-Book Catalogue and some computer software that shows the price of everything that Home Depot sells. The interior trim costs I located within the software, and then multiplied the total costs by three to show the needed amount to install interior trim in all three cabins. The approximate total cost is $,000.00.
· Appliances In the Home Depot Pro-Book Catalogue I located the most reasonably priced sinks, appliances (stove, refrigerator, stack washer/dryer etc.), and bath tubs then I multiplied the cost of each by three to come up with the approximate total cost of all the appliances needed to accommodate three cabins. The rough estimate I acquired was $,000.00.
· Flooring In the Home Depot Pro-Book Catalogue I found the most economical flooring available then multiplied the total by three to acquire a rough estimate of the total cost to provide flooring to all three of the cabins. The rough estimate I acquired was $1,500.00.
· Labor I researched on the Internet, and located the Bacon-Davis wages for laborers in Alaska. In order to complete this project within the previously discussed timeline I figured that there will need to be at least two laborers working 40 hours a week for the entire 16 week building period. I chose to calculate the approximate labor costs by using the lowest Bacon-Davis wage of $16.84/hr. It is quite possible that the labor costs could exceed this figure since depending on the laborers skills and experience they might need to be paid a higher more appropriate wage. The total approximate costs for the labor of this project I found were $,000.00.
· Miscellaneous The reason I chose to put this miscellaneous figure into the potential total costs of this project is due to the fact that there could be some unforeseen costs accumulated during this project. Also, there are some legal fees for filing the necessary documents, and for acquiring the needed permits. The total miscellaneous cost I have figured in to the projects total cost is $,000.00.
EFFECTIVENESS
In order for this project to be implemented it must prove that it will result with supreme effectiveness, which means that the total costs accumulated upon completion of the project will be regained in the future from the revenue generated by the people paying the monthly rent on the cabins. As long as the three cabins are continuously rented out than McDuff, Inc. will continue to acquire substantial revenue long after the expenses for the project are reimbursed. According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development (DECD) the most recent information available was taken from the 000 U.S. Census. The information states that Talkeetnas average median rent is $614.00 per month, so McDuff, Inc. could charge at very least that much per month for rent on each of the cabins. The calculations below are based on charging $700.00 per month on each of the cabins. This project is a very good investment choice. The following information proves the supreme effectiveness McDuff, Inc. will benefit from by choosing to engage in this investment.
Monthly Rent for 1 Cabin= $700.00
1 Months in a Year X 1
Total Income a Year from 1 Cabin= $8,400.00
Number of Cabins= X
Total Income a Year from Cabins= $5,00.00
Total Costs for Completion of Project= $,100.00
Total Income a Year from Cabins= $5,00.00 = .66 years
Total Income a Year from Cabins= $5,00.00
Number of Years to Reimburse Project Total Costs= X .66
Total Revenue Needed to Reimburse Project Total Costs= $,.00
It will take close to four years to reimburse McDuff, Inc. for the projects completion costs. After those costs have been regained McDuff, Inc. will continue to receive $5,00.00 revenue per year from the three cabins, which will be pure profit. The above calculations prove this projects supreme effectiveness.
CHOSEN SOLUTION
The chosen solution for the problem of what to do with the vacant land that McDuff, Inc has used for remote recreation property in the past is to build these three cabins. By doing so McDuff, Inc. will not only benefit from knowing that the land is being used, but also will make a lot of profit from the renters of the cabins. The chosen solution works because it will maintain the residential area, provide people with homes, and McDuff, Inc will be making profit from the land and the cabins.
CONCLUSION
After conducting this feasibility study I have found these conclusions
· The population in Talkeetna is steadily growing.
· There is a proven demand for housing in the Talkeetna area.
· Using the 1.14 acres of land as recreational property is no longer feasible.
This project involves minimal risks such as being able to meet the timeframe to successfully build three cabins within the short Alaska building season, and also a challenge to maintain full occupancy of the three cabins after the completion of the project. These risks are not that great, and the dedicated employees of McDuff, Inc. can overcome these risks and make this project successful through their well known structured teamwork capabilities. As you can see there are only two risks to take, but the benefits of making the choice to pursue this project are many. Benefits include
· Making profits from the vacant land.
· Making profits from the three rental cabins.
· Maintaining the residential area.
· Providing housing to people in need.
· Displaying the professional attitude of McDuff, Inc. among the Talkeetna people.
· Giving McDuff, Inc. a truly profitable investment that could last a lifetime.
Anyone who reads this feasibility study and has questions or concerns please feel free to contact me, and we can schedule a time to meet in order to provide you with a clearer understanding of this project. Thank you.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the process of completing this thorough feasibility study I have encountered several very educated people who assisted me in making this feasibility study possible. At this time I would like to acknowledge all who made this process easier by providing very informative data to me. Below is a list of businesses to which I am truly appreciative
v Home Depot
v Talkeetna Real Estate
v Craig Taylor Equipment
v Hood & Sons Pump & Drilling Co.
v A-TWO Septic
v Spenard Builders Supply
v The local residents of Talkeetna whom participated in my survey.
REFERENCES
Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development (000 U.S. Census) Population and Housing Characteristics. Retrieved April 06, 00, from http//www.dced.state.ak.us/cbd/commdb/CF_BLOCK.cfm
Anderson, L.O. (1). Wood-Frame House Construction. Carlsbad, CA
Craftsman Book Company.
Bacon-Davis Wages (00, December 0) Retrieved April 08, 00, from http//frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=Davis-Bacon&docid=AK00008
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FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF CABINS
Prepared by
Elise Paunic of McDuff, Inc.
Prepared for
McDuff, Inc.
April 0, 00
MEMORANDUM
DATE January 10, 00
TO Fred Washington, Headquarters Director of Land Resources
FROM Elise Paunic, Director of Alaska Division EP
SUBJECT Feasibility Study
As you requested, I will conduct a study to determine the feasibility of building three cabins on the 1.14 acres of land near Talkeetna, Alaska. The land is vacant at this time, and it can no longer be used for recreation activities, because the area is steadily becoming a residential neighborhood. McDuff, Inc. needs to put this land to use, but I will begin the feasibility study this week, and I will send you frequent updates of my progress. When the study is completed I will inform you with the results. Please give me a call if you would like additional details about the study or if you need any further work done regarding this matter.
Introductory Summary
McDuff, Inc. requested this feasibility study because the company owned land near Talkeetna, Alaska is vacant, and is not currently making any profits. The purpose of this feasibility study is to determine if the 1.14 acres of land could accommodate three 16 X 4 recreational cabins, which could then be rented out to generate potential revenue. There are three criteria I addressed within this study time, cost, and the overall effectiveness of the project. I recommend that McDuff, Inc. approves this project as soon as possible, and begins construction of the cabins on May 1st, 00.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
MEMO OF TRANSMITTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
INTRODUCTORY SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS & LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
PROJECT DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
PROBLEM STATEMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
BACKGROUND INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
RESEARCH ON THE PROBLEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
IMPLICATIONS OF THE PROBLEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
FEASIBLE SOLUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
TIME CONSTRAINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COSTS OF PROJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DETAILED COST INFORMATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
DETAILED COST INFORMATION CONTINUED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
EFFECTIVENESS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
CHOSEN SOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
CONCLUSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
APPENDIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
TABLES
1. Census Population History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
. Housing Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
. Estimated Total Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
FIGURES
1. Talkeetna Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
. Gantt Chart Timeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDICES
A. Spenard Builders Supply (Building Kit Packet) . . . . . .16-4
B. Talkeetna Residents Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
C. Site Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
D. Acknowledgement of Existing Land Use Regulations 7-5
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
McDuff, Inc. builds rental cabins on previously remote land.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
In 160 McDuff, Inc. purchased 1.14 acres of remote land near Talkeetna, Alaska to use as recreation property, so employees could retreat to snow machine, dog sled, and engage in various recreational activities. In recent years the Talkeetna area has been experiencing a rapid growth in population, which has encircled this once remote property with year-round residences, borough maintained roads, and electricity supply. This land is no longer considered useful for its previously intended purpose. McDuff, Inc. is now faced with the dilemma of what to currently use this land for.
PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS
According to LeRoy Oscar Anderson, author of Wood-Frame House Construction (1), the four essentials of every good quality home are an efficient plan, the right materials, sound construction, and energy efficiency. By fulfilling the specifications listed below McDuff, Inc. will solve the previously stated problem
1. File an acknowledgement of existing land use regulations development checklist with the Matanuska-Susitna Borough, and include a sketch. Note both of these are attached at the end of this study in the appendix.
. Obtain necessary driveway permits.
. Approve water and wastewater disposal systems with the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC).
4. Complete the design layout of three 16 X 4 cabins, and obtain necessary cabin materials and equipment.
5. Construct driveways.
6. Have Matanuska Electric Company (MEA) install the electricity supply to the property.
7. Prepare individual cabin sites for laying the foundations.
8. Install septic system.
. Drill well for water supply.
10. Construct each foundation for the cabins according to the design plans.
11. Erect the three 16 X 4 cabins.
1. Advertise the cabins for rent amongst the local area.
Provided that the above steps are completed, McDuffs land will no longer be vacant, and will begin generating substantial revenue.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
a.) History of the Problem
According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development (DCED), from the years 10 to 000 the population of Talkeetna has consistently been growing. The table below shows the most current data that was provided by DCED.
Census Population History
YEARS POPULATION
10 70
10 8
140 16
150 106
160 76
170 18
180 64
10 50
000 77
Table 1
Talkeetnas population has been on the rise for quite a few years, and each year the area attracts new visitors, which tend to become year-round residents. The small town of Talkeetna (an Indian word meaning river of plenty) is located at the mouth of the Talkeetna River where it meets with the Chulitna and Susitna Rivers. World-class charter fishing and scenic riverboat and raft trips make 00 miles of beautiful river accessible to all. Bear, beaver, bald eagle, and moose are frequently seen on the riverbanks. Nestled at the base of Mount McKinley, North Americas tallest peak, the historic village of Talkeetna has an outstanding panoramic view of the Alaska Range. Mountain climbers from all over the world travel to Talkeetna to attempt conquering Mount McKinley every year.
Talkeetna is a unique small rural community, and a major tourist attraction in Alaska. As you can see there are many different characteristics about Talkeetna that make it appealing to visitors, and to local residents. Due to the overwhelming amounts of visitors each year, and that many of those visitors wish to become residents there is an extreme demand for housing. By building these three rental cabins, McDuff, Inc. will be providing much needed housing for the area.
b.) Research on the Problem
After conducting a survey consisting of five yes or no questions amongst 0, year-round Talkeetna residents, the results of only one of those questions is listed in the following chart, but the complete survey is attached at the end of this study in the appendix.
Figure 1
As you can see many people feel that there is a definite demand for housing, and at this time not enough is available. The following information was provided by the DCED, which was obtained from the 000 U.S. Census
Housing Characteristics
Total Housing Units 58
Occupied Housing (Households) 58
Vacant Housing 170
Vacant Due to Seasonal Use 11
Owner-Occupied Housing 6
Median Value Owned Homes $88,000.00
Renter-Occupied Housing 5
Median Rent Paid $61.00
Total Households 58
Average Family Household Size .
Non-Family Households 177
Population living in Households 77
Population living in Group Quarters 0
Table
c.) Implications of the problem on the following areas society, safety, and environment
Since McDuff, Inc. has been using the 1.14 acres of land for employee retreats for some time now, but recently many residents have complained about snow- machines, and dogsled teams being in the residential area. In the past before the established residences came about it was perfectly fine to use the 1.14 acres for recreational purposes; although, at this current time if such activities continue it will have a negative impact on the society in Talkeetna.
This issue also brings about some safety concerns, because the land at one point did not have road access, so it was permitted to travel on snow machines, four-wheelers, and dog sleds. By now the land has borough maintained roads that cars and trucks travel on, and with the continuing use of snow machines, four-wheelers, and dog sled teams competing to use the well maintained roads could quite possibly cause some serious traffic accidents.
The environment conservation of this residential area is also a huge concern, because dog sled teams leave a lot of fecal matter behind. This area has a lot of children playing outside throughout each year, and the allowance of dog sled teams in the area could possibly inflict disease amongst the local residents. The use of snow machines, and four-wheelers in this area creates a noise obstruction, which takes away from the pristine beauty of the area.
FEASIBLE SOLUTIONS
There are three major criteria that I addressed. First, the time constraint issue, because Alaska building season is from May 1st through September 1st, so that is a fairly short period of time to finish the construction of three 16 X 4 cabins. Second, the cost of this project must be as little as possible although, the cabins must be of good quality for the price. Lastly, after the project is totally completed the project must prove its effectiveness, because it will bring in enough revenue to pay off McDuffs total costs for this project; furthermore, it must show that it was a good investment choice by the amount of revenue the three cabins will continuously generate.
TIME CONSTRAINTS
Alaska building season is from May 1st through September 1st, and below is a Gantt chart showing the pre-planned timeline to ensure the swift and successful completion of this project. The following timeline assumes that the below bulleted items have been completed prior to the beginning of building season
· An acknowledgement of existing land use regulations development checklist has been filed with the Matanuska-Susitna Borough.
· The driveway permits have been acquired.
· The cabins design layout has been drawn up, and all of the needed building materials have been acquired.
Figure
COSTS OF PROJECT
McDuff, Inc. has not defined a budget for this project; although, the ending result must be of good quality workmanship for the total cost spent. The three cabins will be built by purchasing three 16 X 4 recreational cabin-building kits from Spenard Builders Supply in Wasilla, Alaska. The following price information was obtained from local businesses in the Anchorage Municipality, and Matanuska-Susitna Borough areas.
Below is a table showing the estimated total costs for this project.
Materials Price Quote Source Prices
ICBO Inspector Talkeetna Real Estate $600.00
Excavation Craig Taylor Equipment $1,000.00
Well Hood & Sons Pump & Drilling Co. $4,500.00
Septic A-TWO Septic $5,000.00
Foundation Spenard Builders Supply $4,500.00
Framing Spenard Builders Supply $0,000.00
Plumbing Spenard Builders Supply $,000.00
Electrical Spenard Builders Supply $4,500.00
Insulation Spenard Builders Supply $1,500.00
Interior Trim Home Depot $,000.00
Appliances Home Depot $,000.00
Flooring Home Depot $1,500.00
Labor Approximate Bacon-Davis Wages $,000.00
Miscellaneous Matanuska-Susitna Borough $,000.00
TOTAL $,100.00
Table
DETAILED COST INFORMATION
Below is a detailed description of how each price quote was obtained along with the information that was provided
· ICBO Inspector I spoke with Roger at Talkeetna Real Estate, and he gave a price quote of $600.00, which is based on what it would cost to have an ICBO inspector travel from Wasilla to Talkeetna to perform the inspection verifying that the cabins are all built to the Matanuska-Susitna Borough building codes.
· Excavation I spoke with a representative at Craig Taylor Equipment, and the price quote of $1,000.00 is based on a rough estimate of what it would cost to rent the needed heavy equipment for the landscaping and construction needs for this project.
· Well I spoke with a representative at Hood & Sons Pump and Drilling Co. in Wasilla, Alaska, and the price quote he gave of $4,500.00 is a rough estimate of what it would cost to drill to install one well to accommodate the water needs of all three cabins. There would need to be one pressure tank installed in each cabin; whereas, one of those three pressure tanks would be the main pressure tank that runs the water pump from the well. The water pump would have to be at least 1/ horsepower to be effective. The rough estimate for installation of the entire system is $4,500.00.
· Septic I spoke to a representative at A-TWO Septic Co. in Wasilla, Alaska, and he said that one 1000-gallon tank would be needed to accommodate all three cabins, and since the cabins will be in close proximity of each other it is not necessary to install a separate septic system for each. The price quote of $5,000.00 is a rough estimate of what it would cost to install the entire septic system. The routine maintenance of the installed septic system would run approximately $160.00 for every two years.
· Foundation I spoke with a couple different representatives at Spenard Builders Supply in Wasilla, Alaska, and they provided me with a packet showing the detailed materials and prices that make up the total cost for a 16 X 4 recreational cabin building kit. I then multiplied those figures by three to come up with the price quote of $4,500.00 for the approximate total cost needed for all three of the cabins foundations.
· Framing Based on the building kit packet the costs were multiplied by three to show the total cost of what it will take to frame all three cabins. The approximate total framing cost is $0,000.00.
· Plumbing Based on the building kit packet the costs were multiplied by three to show the total cost of what it will require to do the plumbing for all three cabins. The approximate total plumbing cost is $,000.00.
· Electrical Based on the building kit packet the costs were multiplied by three to show the total cost of what it will take to wire all three cabins. The approximate total electrical cost is $4,500.00.
· Insulation Based on the building kit packet the costs were multiplied by three to show the total cost needed for the insulation in all three cabins. The approximate total cost is $1,500.00.
· Interior Trim After consulting a representative at Home Depot in Anchorage, Alaska, I was provided with the Home Depot Pro-Book Catalogue and some computer software that shows the price of everything that Home Depot sells. The interior trim costs I located within the software, and then multiplied the total costs by three to show the needed amount to install interior trim in all three cabins. The approximate total cost is $,000.00.
· Appliances In the Home Depot Pro-Book Catalogue I located the most reasonably priced sinks, appliances (stove, refrigerator, stack washer/dryer etc.), and bath tubs then I multiplied the cost of each by three to come up with the approximate total cost of all the appliances needed to accommodate three cabins. The rough estimate I acquired was $,000.00.
· Flooring In the Home Depot Pro-Book Catalogue I found the most economical flooring available then multiplied the total by three to acquire a rough estimate of the total cost to provide flooring to all three of the cabins. The rough estimate I acquired was $1,500.00.
· Labor I researched on the Internet, and located the Bacon-Davis wages for laborers in Alaska. In order to complete this project within the previously discussed timeline I figured that there will need to be at least two laborers working 40 hours a week for the entire 16 week building period. I chose to calculate the approximate labor costs by using the lowest Bacon-Davis wage of $16.84/hr. It is quite possible that the labor costs could exceed this figure since depending on the laborers skills and experience they might need to be paid a higher more appropriate wage. The total approximate costs for the labor of this project I found were $,000.00.
· Miscellaneous The reason I chose to put this miscellaneous figure into the potential total costs of this project is due to the fact that there could be some unforeseen costs accumulated during this project. Also, there are some legal fees for filing the necessary documents, and for acquiring the needed permits. The total miscellaneous cost I have figured in to the projects total cost is $,000.00.
EFFECTIVENESS
In order for this project to be implemented it must prove that it will result with supreme effectiveness, which means that the total costs accumulated upon completion of the project will be regained in the future from the revenue generated by the people paying the monthly rent on the cabins. As long as the three cabins are continuously rented out than McDuff, Inc. will continue to acquire substantial revenue long after the expenses for the project are reimbursed. According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development (DECD) the most recent information available was taken from the 000 U.S. Census. The information states that Talkeetnas average median rent is $614.00 per month, so McDuff, Inc. could charge at very least that much per month for rent on each of the cabins. The calculations below are based on charging $700.00 per month on each of the cabins. This project is a very good investment choice. The following information proves the supreme effectiveness McDuff, Inc. will benefit from by choosing to engage in this investment.
Monthly Rent for 1 Cabin= $700.00
1 Months in a Year X 1
Total Income a Year from 1 Cabin= $8,400.00
Number of Cabins= X
Total Income a Year from Cabins= $5,00.00
Total Costs for Completion of Project= $,100.00
Total Income a Year from Cabins= $5,00.00 = .66 years
Total Income a Year from Cabins= $5,00.00
Number of Years to Reimburse Project Total Costs= X .66
Total Revenue Needed to Reimburse Project Total Costs= $,.00
It will take close to four years to reimburse McDuff, Inc. for the projects completion costs. After those costs have been regained McDuff, Inc. will continue to receive $5,00.00 revenue per year from the three cabins, which will be pure profit. The above calculations prove this projects supreme effectiveness.
CHOSEN SOLUTION
The chosen solution for the problem of what to do with the vacant land that McDuff, Inc has used for remote recreation property in the past is to build these three cabins. By doing so McDuff, Inc. will not only benefit from knowing that the land is being used, but also will make a lot of profit from the renters of the cabins. The chosen solution works because it will maintain the residential area, provide people with homes, and McDuff, Inc will be making profit from the land and the cabins.
CONCLUSION
After conducting this feasibility study I have found these conclusions
· The population in Talkeetna is steadily growing.
· There is a proven demand for housing in the Talkeetna area.
· Using the 1.14 acres of land as recreational property is no longer feasible.
This project involves minimal risks such as being able to meet the timeframe to successfully build three cabins within the short Alaska building season, and also a challenge to maintain full occupancy of the three cabins after the completion of the project. These risks are not that great, and the dedicated employees of McDuff, Inc. can overcome these risks and make this project successful through their well known structured teamwork capabilities. As you can see there are only two risks to take, but the benefits of making the choice to pursue this project are many. Benefits include
· Making profits from the vacant land.
· Making profits from the three rental cabins.
· Maintaining the residential area.
· Providing housing to people in need.
· Displaying the professional attitude of McDuff, Inc. among the Talkeetna people.
· Giving McDuff, Inc. a truly profitable investment that could last a lifetime.
Anyone who reads this feasibility study and has questions or concerns please feel free to contact me, and we can schedule a time to meet in order to provide you with a clearer understanding of this project. Thank you.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the process of completing this thorough feasibility study I have encountered several very educated people who assisted me in making this feasibility study possible. At this time I would like to acknowledge all who made this process easier by providing very informative data to me. Below is a list of businesses to which I am truly appreciative
v Home Depot
v Talkeetna Real Estate
v Craig Taylor Equipment
v Hood & Sons Pump & Drilling Co.
v A-TWO Septic
v Spenard Builders Supply
v The local residents of Talkeetna whom participated in my survey.
REFERENCES
Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development (000 U.S. Census) Population and Housing Characteristics. Retrieved April 06, 00, from http//www.dced.state.ak.us/cbd/commdb/CF_BLOCK.cfm
Anderson, L.O. (1). Wood-Frame House Construction. Carlsbad, CA
Craftsman Book Company.
Bacon-Davis Wages (00, December 0) Retrieved April 08, 00, from http//frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=Davis-Bacon&docid=AK00008
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