FRANKENSTIEN

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Letters 1-4-

The four letters are written by the explorer Robert Walton to his sister Margaret Saville. Walton, a Englishman with a love for seafaring, is the captain of a ship heading on a dangerous voyage to the North Pole. In the first letter, he tells his sister about the preparations leading up to his departure and about his desire to accomplish some great purpose. In the second letter, Walton complains about his lack of friends. He feels lonely and isolated, too sophisticated to find comfort in his shipmates and too uneducated to find a sensitive person to share his dreams with. In the third letter, Walton tells his sister that his ship has set sail and that he has full confidence that he will achieve his goal. In the fourth letter, the ship stalls between huge sheets of ice, and Walton and his men find a sledge guided by a gigantic creature about half a mile away. The next morning, they encounter another sledge stranded on an iceberg. All but one of the dogs pulling the sledge died, and the man on the sledge is emaciated, weak, and starving. Despite his condition, the man refuses to board the ship until Walton tells him that it is heading north. The stranger spends two days recovering, nursed by the crew, before he could talk. The crew is dying with curiosity, but Walton, aware of the mans fragile state, prevents his men from bothering the stranger with questions. As time passes, Walton and the stranger become friends, and the stranger eventually starts to tell Walton his story. At the end of the fourth letter, Walton states that the visitor will begin his story the next day.

Chapter 1-

The stranger, who the reader soon learns is Victor Frankenstein, is now the main narrator of the story, and he begins it just before he was born. His father was heavily involved in the affairs of his country, Geneva, delaying marriage until later on in his life. He eventually quit public life to become a father and husband. Victors father and Mr. Beaufort, his mother Carolines father, were pretty good friends. Mr Beaufort and his daughter move from Geneva to Lucerne, to look for refuge from poverty and a damaged reputation. While in Lucerne, Beaufort had saved a small amount of money and had somewhat recovered his reputation, but he became ill and within a couple months had died. When Victors father finds the Beaufort house, he discovers a weakened Caroline grieving at her fathers coffin. He decides to give his friend a decent burial and sends Caroline to his family in Geneva to recover. During the next two years, Victors father visits Caroline, they eventually get married, and Victor is born soon after.Frankenstein then describes how his childhood companion, Elizabeth Lavenza, entered his family. Elizabeth is discovered by Caroline, on a trip to Italy, when Victor is about five years old. While visiting a poor Italian family, Caroline notices a beautiful blonde girl among the dark-haired Italian children; upon discovering that Elizabeth is the orphaned daughter of a Milanese nobleman and a German woman and that the Italian family can barely afford to feed her, Caroline adopts Elizabeth and brings her back to Geneva. Victors mother decides at the moment of the adoption that Elizabeth and Victor should someday marry.




Chapter -

Elizabeth and Victor grow up together as best friends, and around the age of seven, Victors younger brother is born. Victors friendship with Henry Clerval, a schoolmate and only child, flourishes as well, and he spends his childhood happily surrounded by this close domestic circle. As a teenager, Victor becomes very fascinated by the mysteries of the natural world. He comes across a book by Cornelius Agrippa, a sixteenth-century scholar of the sciences, and becomes interested in natural philosophy. He studies the outdated findings of the alchemists Agrippa, Paracelsus, and Albertus Magnus with great enthusiasm. He then witnesses the destructive power of nature when, during a raging storm, lightning destroys a tree near his house. A modern natural philosopher accompanying the Frankenstein family explains to Victor the workings of electricity, making the ideas of the alchemists seem outdated and worthless.

Chapter -

At the age of seventeen, Victor leaves his family in Geneva to attend the university at Ingolstadt. Just before Victor departs, his mother catches scarlet fever from Elizabeth, whom she has been nursing back to health, and dies. On her deathbed, she begs Elizabeth and Victor to marry. Several weeks later, still grieving, Victor goes off to Ingolstadt. Arriving at the university, he finds quarters in the town and sets up a meeting with a professor of natural philosophy, Mr. Krempe. Krempe tells Victor that all the time that Victor has spent studying the alchemists has been wasted, further stopping Victor on studying natural philosophy. He then attends a lecture in chemistry by a professor named Waldman.This lecture, along with a meeting with the professor, convinces Victor to pursue his studies in the sciences.

Chapter 4-

Victor attacks his studies with enthusiasm and, ignoring his social life and his family far away in Geneva, makes quick progress. Fascinated by the mystery of the creation of life, he begins to study how the human body is built and how it falls apart. After several years of tireless work, he masters all that his professors have to teach him, and he goes one step further by discovering the secret of life. Privately, hidden away in his apartment where no one can see him work, he decides to begin the construction of an animate creature, envisioning the creation of a new race of wonderful beings. Actively devoting himself to this labor, he neglects everything else-family, friends, studies, and social life-and grows increasingly pale, lonely, and obsessed.

Chapter 5-

One stormy night, after months of labor, Victor completes his creation. But when he brings it to life, its awful appearance horrifies him. He rushes to the next room and tries to sleep, but he is troubled by nightmares about Elizabeth and his mothers corpse. He wakes to discover the monster looming over his bed with a grotesque smile and rushes out of the house. He spends the night pacing in his courtyard. The next morning, he goes walking in the town of Ingolstadt, frantically avoiding a return to his now-haunted apartment. As he walks by the town inn, Victor comes across his friend Henry Clerval, who has just arrived to begin studying at the university. Delighted to see Henry, a breath of fresh air, and a reminder of his family after so many months of isolation and ill health, he brings him back to his apartment. Victor enters first and is relieved to find no sign of the monster. But, weakened by months of work and shock at the horrific being he has created, he immediately falls ill with a nervous fever that lasts several months. Henry nurses him back to health and, when Victor has recovered, gives him a letter from Elizabeth that had arrived during his illness.

Chapter 6-

Elizabeths letter expresses her concern about Victors illness and entreats him to write to his family in Geneva as soon as he can. She also tells him that Justine Moritz, a girl who used to live with the Frankenstein family, has returned to their house following her mothers death. After Victor has recovered, he introduces Henry, who is studying Oriental languages, to the professors at the university. The task is painful, however, since the sight of any chemical instrument worsens Victors symptoms; even speaking to his professors torments him. He decides to return to Geneva and waits for a letter from his father specifying the date of his departure. Meanwhile, him and Henry take a tour through the country, uplifting their spirits with the beauties of nature.

Chapter 7-

When they return to the university, Victor finds a letter from his father telling him that Victors youngest brother, William, has been murdered. Saddened and shocked by this news, Victor departs immediately for Geneva. By the time he arrives, night has fallen and the gates of Geneva have been shut, so he spends the evening walking in the woods around the outskirts of the town. As he walks near the spot where his brothers body was found, he finds the monster lurking and becomes convinced that his creation is responsible for killing William. The next day, however, when he returns home, Victor learns that Justine has been accused of the murder. After the discovery of the body, a servant had found in Justines pocket a picture of Caroline Frankenstein last seen in Williams possession. Victor announces Justines innocence, but the evidence against her seems certain, and Victor refuses to explain himself for fear that he will be labeled insane.

Chapter 8-

Justine confesses to the crime, believing that she will gain salvation, but tells Elizabeth and Victor that she is innocent and miserable. She explains to them that she was interrogated and somewhat forced to say that she murdered William. She asks Elizabeth to still believe in her innocence telling her that she knows how much she cared for William and how she treated him and the rest of the family as her own. They remain convinced of her innocence, but Justine is soon executed. Victor becomes consumed with guilt, knowing that the monster he created and the secrecy within which the creation took place have now caused the deaths of two of his family members.

Chapter -

After Justines execution, Victor becomes increasingly depressed. He considers suicide but restrains himself by thinking of Elizabeth and his father, whos name is now known as Alphonse. Alphonse, hoping to cheer up his son, takes his children on a trip to the family home at Belrive. From there, Victor wanders alone toward the valley of Chamounix. The beautiful scenery cheers him somewhat, but his pause from grief is short-lived.

Chapter 10-

One rainy day, Victor wakes up to find his old feelings of despair coming back. He decides to travel to the summit of Montanvert, hoping that the view of a pure, eternal, beautiful natural scene will revive his spirits. When he reaches the glacier at the top, he is momentarily consoled by the divine spectacle. As he crosses to the opposite side of the glacier, however, he spots a creature racing toward him at incredible speed. At closer range, he recognizes clearly the grotesque shape of the monster. He issues futile threats of attack to the monster, whose enormous strength and speed allow him to elude Victor easily. Victor curses him and tells him to go away, but the monster, speaking eloquently, persuades him to accompany him to a fire in a cave of ice. Inside the cave, the monster begins to narrate the events of his life.

Chapter 11-

Sitting by the fire in his hut, the monster tells Victor of the confusion that he experienced upon being created. He describes his flight from Victors apartment into the wilderness and his gradual adaptation to the world through his discovery of the sensations of light, dark, hunger, thirst, and cold. According to his story, one day he finds a fire and is pleased at the warmth it creates, but he becomes upset when he burns himself on the hot remains. He realizes that he can keep the fire alive by adding wood, and that the fire is good not only for heat and warmth but also as for making food more enjoyable. In search of food, the monster finds a hut and enters it. His presence causes an old man inside to shriek and run away in fear. The monster proceeds to a village, where more people flee at the sight of him. As a result of these incidents, he resolves to stay away from humans. One night he takes shelter in a small hole adjacent to a cottage. In the morning, he discovers that he can see into the cottage through a crack in the wall and observes that the occupants are a young man, a young woman, and an old man.

Chapter 1-

Observing his neighbors for some time, the monster notices that they often seem unhappy, though he is unsure why. He eventually realizes, however, that their despair results from poverty, to which he has been contributing by secretly stealing their food. Torn by his guilty conscience, he stops stealing their food and does what he can to reduce their hardship, gathering wood at night to leave at the door for their use. The monster becomes aware that his neighbors are able to communicate with eachother using strange sounds. Vowing to learn their language, he tries to match the sounds they make with the actions they perform. He acquires a basic knowledge of the language, including the names of the young man and woman, Felix and Agatha. He admires their graceful forms and is shocked by his ugliness when he catches sight of his reflection in a pool of water. He spends the whole winter in the hole, unobserved and well protected from the elements, and grows increasingly affectionate toward his accidental hosts.

Chapter 1-

As winter thaws into spring, the monster notices that the cottagers, particularly Felix, seem unhappy. A beautiful woman in a dark dress and veil arrives at the cottage on horseback and asks to see Felix. Felix becomes ecstatic the moment he sees her. The woman, who does not speak the language of the cottagers, is names Safie. She moves into the cottage, and the mood of the household immediately brightens. As Safie learns the language of the cottagers, so does the monster. He also learns to read, and, since Felix uses Constantin-Francois de Volneys Ruins of Empires to instruct Safie, he learns a bit of world history in the process. Now able to speak and understand the language perfectly, the monster learns about human society by listening to the cottagers converstations. Reflecting on his own situation, he realizes that he is deformed and alone. He also learns about the pleasures and obligations of the family and of human relations in general, which deepens the agony of his own isolation.

Chapter 14-

After some time, the monsters constant eavesdropping allows him to reconstruct the history of the cottagers. The old man, De Lacey, was once a wealthy and successful citizen in Paris; his children, Agatha and Felix, were well respected members of the community. Safies father, a Turk, was falsely accused of a crime and sentenced to death. Felix visited the Turk in prison and met his daughter, with whom he immediately fell in love with. Safie sent Felix letters thanking him for his good intentions to help her father and recounting the circumstances of her dilemma. The letters relate that Safies mother was a Christian Arab who had been enslaved by the Turks before marrying her father. She implanted in Safie an independence and intelligence that Islam prevented Turkish women from having. Safie was eager to marry a European man thereby escape the slavery that awaited her in Turkey. Felix successfully coordinated her fathers escape from prison, but when the plot was discovered, Felix, Agatha, and De Lacey were exiled from France and stripped of their wealth. They then moved into the cottage in Germany upon which the monster had stumbled. Meanwhile, the Turk tried to force Safie to return to Constantinople with him, but she managed to escape with some money and the knowledge of Felixs whereabouts.

Chapter 15-

While searching for food in the woods around the cottage one night, the monster, finds an abandoned leather satchel containing some clothes and books. Eager to learn more about the world than he can discover through the crack in the cottage wall, he brings the books back to his hole and begins to read. The books include Johann Wolfgang von Goethes Sorrows of Werter, a volume of Plutarchs Lives, and John Miltons Paradise Lost, the last of which has the most profound effect on the monster. Unaware that Paradise Lost is a work of imagination, he reads it as a factual history and finds a lot of similarity between the story and his own situation. Ransacking through the pockets of his own clothes, stolen awhile ago from Victors apartment, he finds some papers from Victors journal. With his ability to read, he soon understands the horrific manner of his own creation and the disgust with which his creator had towards him. Dismayed by these discoveries, the monster wants to reveal himself to the cottagers in the hope that they will see past his hideous exterior and befriend him. He decides to approach the blind De Lacey first, hoping to win him over while Felix, Agatha, and Safie are away. He believes that De Lacey, unprejudiced against his hideous exterior, may be able to convince the others of his gentle nature. The perfect opportunity soon presents itself, as Felix, Agatha, and Safie depart one day for a long walk. The monster nervously enters the cottage and begins to speak to the old man. Just as he begins to explain his situation, however, the other three return unexpectedly. Felix drives the monster away, horrified by his appearance.

Chapter 16-

In the wake of this rejection, the monster swears to revenge himself against all human beings, his creator in particular. Journeying for months out of sight of others, he makes his way toward Geneva. On the way, he spots a young girl, seemingly alone; the girl slips into a stream and appears to be on the verge of drowning. When the monster rescues the girl from the water, the man accompanying her, suspecting him of having attacked her, shoots him. As he nears Geneva, the monster runs across Victors younger brother, William, in the woods. When William mentions that his father is Alphose Frankenstein, the monster erupts in a rage of vengeance and strangles the boy to death with his bare hands. He takes a picture of Caroline Frankenstein that the boy has been holding and places it in the folds of the dress of a girl sleeping in a barn, Justine Moritz, who is later executed for Williams murder. Having explained to Victor the circumstances behind Williams murder and Justines conviction, the monster implores Victor to create another monster to accompany him and be his mate.

Chapter 17-

The monster tells Victor that it is his right to have a female monster companion. Victor refuses at first, but the monster appeals to his sense of responsibility as his creator. He tells Victor that all of his evil actions have been the result of a desperate loneliness. He promises to take his new mate to South America to hide in the jungle far from human contact. With the sympathy of a fellow monster, he argues, he will no longer be compelled to kill. Convinced by these arguments, Victor finally agrees to create a female monster. Overjoyed but still skeptical, the monster tells Victor that he will monitor Victors progress and that Victor need not worry about contacting him when his work is done.

Chapter 18-

After is fateful meeting with the monster on the glacier, Victor puts off the creation of a new, female creature. He begins to have doubts about the wisdom of agreeing to the monsters request. He realizes that the project will require him to travel to England to gather information. His father notices that his spirits are troubled most of the time--Victor, still full of guilt over the deaths of William and Justine, is now newly horrified by the task in which he is about to engage--and asks him if his up and coming marriage to Elizabeth is the source of his depression. Victor assures him that the prospect of marriage to Elizabeth is the only happiness in his life. Eager to raise Victors spirits, Alphonse suggests that they celebrate the marriage immediately. Victor refuses, unwilling to marry Elizabeth until he has completed his obligation to the monster. He asks his father if he can first travel to England, and Alphonse consents. Victor and his father arrange a two-year tour, on which Henry Clerval, eager to begin his studies after several years of unpleasant work with his father in Geneva, will accompany Victor. After traveling for a while, they reach London.

Chapter 1-

Victor and Henry journey through England and Scotland, but Victor grows impatient to begin his work and free himself of his bond to the monster. Victor has an acquaintance in a Scottish town, with who he urges Henry to stay with while he goes alone on a tour of Scotland. Henry agrees reluctantly, and Victor departs for a remote, desolate island in the Orkneys to complete his project. Quickly setting up a laboratory in a small shack, Victor devotes many hours to working on his new creature. He often has trouble continuing his work, however, knowing how unsatisfying, even grotesque, the product of his labor will be.

Chapter 0-

While working one night, Victor begins to think about what might happen after he finishes his creation. He imagines that his new creature might not want to seclude herself, as the monster had promised, or that the two creatures might have children, creating a race of devils on earth. In the midst of these reflections and growing concern, Victor looks up to see the monster grinning at him through the window. Overcome by the monsters hideousness and the possibility of a second creature like him, he destroys his work in progress. The monster becomes enraged at Victor for breaking his promise, and at the prospect of his own continued emptiness. He curses and vows revenge, then departs, swearing that he will be with Victor on his wedding night. The following night, Victor receives a letter from Henry, who, tired of Scotland, suggests that they continue their travels. Before he leaves his shack, Victor cleans and packs his chemical instruments and collects the remains of his second creature. Late that evening, he rows out onto the ocean and throws the remains into the water, allowing himself to rest in the boat for a while. When he wakes, he finds that the winds will not permit him to return to shore. Panicking, in fear for his life, he contemplates the possibility of dying at sea, blown far out into the Atlantic. Soon the winds change, however, and he reaches shore near a town. When he lands, a group of townspeople greet him rudely, telling him that he is under suspicion for a murder discovered the previous night.

Chapter 1-

After confronting Victor, the townspeople take him to Mr. Kirwin, the town judge. Victor hears witnesses testify against him, claiming that they found the body of a man along the beach the previous night and that, just before finding the body, they saw a boat in the water that resembled Victors. Mr. Kirwin decides to bring Victor to look at the body to see what effect it has on him if Victor is the murderer, perhaps he will react with visible emotion. When Victor sees the body, he does indeed react with horror, for the victim is Henry Clerval, with the black marks of the monsters hands around his neck. In shock, Victor falls into convulsions and suffers a long illness. Victor remains ill for two months. Upon his recovery, he finds himself still in prison. Mr. Kirwin, now compassionate and much more sympathetic than before Victors illness, visits him in his cell. He tells him that he has a visitor, and for a moment Victor fears that the monster has come to cause him even more misery. The visitor turns out to be his father, who, upon hearing of his sons illness and the death of his friend, rushed from Geneva to see him. Victor is overjoyed to see his father, who stays with him until court, having nothing but circumstantial evidence, finds him innocent of Henrys murder. After his release, Victor departs with his father to Geneva.

Chapter -

On their way home, Victor and his father stop in Paris, where Victor rests to recover his strength. Just before leaving Geneva, he recieves a letter from Elizabeth. Worried by Victors recurrent illnesses, she asks him if he is in love with someone else, to which Victor replies that she is the only source of his joy. The letter reminds him of the monsters threat that he will be with Victor on his wedding night. He believes that the monster intends to attack him and resolves that he will fight back. Whichever one of them is destroyed, his misery will at last come to an end. Eventually, Victor and his father arrive home and begin planning the wedding. Elizabeth is still worried about Victor, but he assures her that all will be well after the wedding. He has a terrible secret, he tells her, that he can only reveal to her after they are married. As the wedding day approaches, Victor grows more and more nervous about his impending confrontation with the monster. Finally, the wedding takes place, and Victor and Elizabeth depart for a family cottage to spend the night.

Chapter -

In the evening, Victor and Elizabeth walk around the area, but Victor can think of nothing but the monsters expected arrival. Inside, Victor worries that Elizabeth might be upset by the monsters appearance and the battle between them. He tells her to retire for the night. He begins to search for the monster in the house, when suddenly he hears Elizabeth scream and realizes that it was never his death that the monster had been intending this night. Consumed with grief over Elizabeths death, Victor returns home and tells his father the gruesome news. Shocked by the tragic end of what should have been a joyous day, his father dies a few days later. Victor finally breaks his secrecy and tries to convince a judge in Geneva that an unnatural monster is responsible for the death of Elizabeth, but the judge does not believe him. Victor decides to devote the rest of his life to finding and destroying the monster.

Chapter 4-

With his whole family destroyed, Victor decides to leave Geneva and the painful memories it holds behind him forever. He track the monster for months, guided by slight clues, messages, and hints that the monster leaves him. Mad by these taunts, Victor continues his pursuit into the ice and snow of the North. There he meets Walton and tells his story. He entreats Walton to continue his search for vengeance after he is dead. Walton then regains control of the story, continuing it in the form of more letters to his sister. He tells her that he believes in the truth of Victors story. He complains that he did not know Victor, who remains on the brink of death, in better days. One morning, Waltons crewmen enters his cabin and begs him to promise that they will return to England if they break out of the ice in which they have been trapped ever since the night they first saw the monsters sledge. Victor speaks up, however, and convinces the men that the glory and honor of their quest should be enough motivation for them to continue toward their goal. They are momentarily moved, but two days later they again plead with Walton, who consents to the plan of return. Just before the ship is set to head back to England, Victor dies. Several days later, Walton hears a strange sound coming from the room in which Victors body lies. Investigating the noise, Walton is startled to find the monster, as hideous as Victor had described, weeping over his dead creators body. The monster begins to tell him of all his sufferings. He says that he deeply regrets having become an instrument of evil and that, with his creator dead, he is ready to die. He leaves the ship and departs into the darkness.

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