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Significant Movements in American History
Discrimination and racism have been a part of our society’s history for a very long time. Out of all of the races and cultures, African Americans, American Indians, and women have all felt the stronghold of what it is like to be hated and discriminated against. These groups of people all rose up against this racism to form groups that demonstrated for their beliefs and cultures and made themselves known for what they stood for and wanted to achieve. Although each group used their own tactics, some of which were similar to each other’s, they all connected with the same goals and aspirations of being treated with the equality and respect that they deserved.
The birth of the Civil Rights Movement dates all the way back to 154, when civil rights attorneys who were led by Thurgood Marshall who won the unanimous Supreme Court decision, Brown vs. Board of Education. This decision decreed that, in education, the old “separate but equal” standard was inherently discriminatory against African Americans. However, it took about fifteen years for this decision to bear any change because neither the courts nor the government took decisive action to implement school desegregation. However, this event marks a specific time in history which led to the emergence of one of the most influential movements in time.
The rebirth of the civil rights movement was not based in the unions, as it had been after World War II, but rather found much of its leadership in the African American church and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The state of Mississippi was one area in the US which suffered greatly from discrimination and racism against African Americans. In 16 blacks were allowed to
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register to vote and groups of African Americans came together to form what was known as SNCCK, (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) which pushed for other blacks to register to vote. They knew the only way they could gain real power was if they elected those who governed them. However, because of the amount of racism in the area, the whites made it very difficult for blacks to register.
Discrimination became a prominent problem in Mississippi when whites were asked to change the way they treated blacks. As a consequence to this request, they formed the Citizens Council in 154. This organization was developed in the delta, which is a northwestern section of the state where blacks outnumbered whites. The purpose of this council was to preserve the white political power by opposing integration and they did this by punishing the people who were in favor of integration.
The blacks in Mississippi fought as best they could against this council and in the summer of 164 they were able to focus national attention on the state with what was known as “Freedom Summer”. They hoped to acquire people from the whole nation to create a program that would open up the entire state. Volunteers, many of which were college students, came together from all over and demonstrated. They soon established the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. This group got as many as 60,000 blacks and whites to sign up and fight for their cause. As this group grew, they began using “sit-ins” as a tactic of focusing attention on themselves. They even led marches and demonstrations to emphasize their cause. In August, they traveled to Atlantic City in hopes to be seated at the Democratic National Convention as true representatives of their state. Although they were not given seats, this event marked the culmination of Freedom
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Summer and the attempts of opening up Mississippi to the rest of the nation.
Another social movement that was said to be influenced by the civil rights movement was the American Indian Movement. Like the blacks in our society, American Indians suffered from just as much discrimination. They were viewed as poor and poverty-stricken and their land was taken over when the government outlawed their religion and the white man came and discovered gold. The “black hills”, located in South Dakota, were the most important and spiritual place to the Indians and were taken over by white Americans and are now a marked location for tourism and motorcycle rallies.
The American Indian Movement emerged in the 160’s out of the urban ghettos that government policies created for the Indians. Members came together to fight for their land, culture and respect. They moved out of the ghettos and back into their reservations in hopes of recreating their culture and beliefs. In 17 they led a series of demonstrations which quickly led to a march entitled, “A Trail of Broken Treaties”. Soon after this march, they gained a reputation as a radical political group, however they continued to lead more demonstrations to fight for their cause.
One of the best known events that marks its place in the American Indian Movement occurred in a town called Wounded Knee. In 17 members of the movement moved into this town, captured it, and barracked themselves against the police. This was the beginning of a new Indian war and lasted about two and a half months. Within this time, a dream of a new free Indian society was reborn. However, the Indians surrendered after they were promised help from the government.
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