JO JOHN

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It was during the 16th and 17th centuries when mans view of the unvierse and himself


changed drastically. This came after a millenium of repetition and stagnation in the


development of science. People finally began questioning what they were told, and they


went out to find proof rather than assuming on the basis of authority and common sense.


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These advances in astronomy and medicine came about in the same era, and were not


unparallel in their development. In both fields were some very notable people who


contributed greatly to the devolopment in these areas. In the field of astronomy


Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo shed Aristotles, Platos, and Ptolemys views of


the universe. In medicine Paraclesus, Vesalius, and Harvey did away with Galens


ancient practices.


Ancient Greeks believed that the Earth was stationary, they concluded this by


making some basic obsevations. One being that the Earth cannot be part of the heavens


because celestial bodies are bright points of light, whereas the Earth is a nonluminous


sphere of mud and rock. Also in the heavens there is very little change, the same stars are


there night after night, only five planets, the sun, and the moon. On Earth however things


are constantly changing and reforming. Their senses also told them that the Earth wasnt


moving. They believed that the air, the clouds, and the birds would all be left behind if


the Earth spinning around, therefore it couldnt be moving. Also if the Earth were


spinning everything would fly off due to the centrifugal force. It was thought that with


all this evidence there was no way that the Earth could be moving.


There were however a few descrepencies in this Earth stationary or geocentric


view. The most apparent being the five planets. They moved unlike anything else, they


moved contrary to the stars and occasionaly went backwards. Ptolemy was able to


correct this by the use of epicycles. This said that not only do planets orbit the Earth, but


they also have smaller circular moton which they perform during their orbit. This did


solve the problem, but it was still imperfect and very complicated, it was un-Godlike.


Nicolaus Copernicus believed in the heliocentric model of the universe. It was his


belief that the sun was a copy of God, God gave us life and the sun kept us alive. This


view was also a lot more aesthetically pleasing, although it was still not perfect. Most


other people only looked at his work as being a tool and not reality. This was because


when the book was published an introduction was added saying that the contents werent


really true. Also people didnt observe any shift in the stars throughout the year, which


meant the world couldnt be moving around the sun because they should shift when


looked at from different sides of the sun. Unless of course they were really far away, but


that didnt make sense because God wouldnt waste that much space.


Tycho Brahe spent most of his life studying the movements of the celestial bodies.


His calculations led him to create a third view of the universe. He said that the planets


revolved around the sun, and the sun, moon, and stars revolve around the Earth. It had


the same flaws as Copernicus model, but it didnt go against the church. When Tycho


died he gave all his calculations to Johaness Kepler. Kepler revised Copernicuss model


of a heliocentric universe. The big difference was that he said that the planets moved in


ellipses, with the sun at one focus. To account for the planets motion he said that they


must move a variable speeds.


It was Galileo Galilei who came up with the proof for a heliocentric universe. In


160 he pointed a telescope into the sky. He saw four things which made the traditional


view of the universe wrong. He saw new stars which had never been seen before, which


disproved the idea of stars all being on one heavenly sphere. He saw that the Moon had


craters which proved that the Earth wasnt the only thing that decayed. The moons of


Jupiter hepled explain the Moon. The phases of Venus made the Ptolemaic model


immposible. The geocentric view had finally been disproven.


The Greek physician Galen did remarkable work in the field of human anatomy,


despite the fact that he could onyl dissect animals. His works were studied, and


considered the highest authority on anatomy. Anyone who studied medicine, studied


Galen.


Paracelsus, a German physician, said that disease came from external sources. He


argued against the work of Galen and against the church. He, like Copernicus, went


against the norm, and preeched what he believed.


It was Andreas Vesalius who first went against Galen anatomy. He wrote De


humani corporis fabrica, an illustrated book which included information he had gathered


from performing his own disections. Tycho Brahe who spent his life collecting data,


Vesalius collected the information for himself too.


William Harvey was able to prove that blood circulated through the body. He also


said that the heart was a pump, rather than a heat generating organ. He published On the


Motions of the Heart and Blood, which disproved the classic belief of the pneuma


physiology. Much like Galileo who gave the proof for the heliocentric world, he gave the


proof for the modern view of the human body.


These ideas changed the world forever. The Great Interuption, as Daniel


Boorstin puts it in The Discovers, was finally over. Man had stopped believing


everything that it was told, and had gone out to prove it for himself. The human body


and the universe were never looked at the same way again. It only took a few smart


people, who willing to speak out, to change the world





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