We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like How the x-ray machine works even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like How the x-ray machine works in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Homerding 1
Dana Homerding
Mr. N. Meier
Invention essay
Do my coursework
15 September 00
The X-ray machine
The x-ray was discovered by accident. Wilhelm Roentgen was the person that made the discovery when he was experimenting with electron beams in a gas discharge tube. When the electron beam was on a fluorescent screen in his lab it started to glow. He placed various objects between the screen and tube to try and block the radiation, however the screen still glowed. When he finally placed his hand in front of the tube, he saw a silhouette of his bones.
His discovery participated in one of the most important medical advancements in the human history. The x-ray machine allows doctors to see straight through human tissue to examine broken bones, cavities, and swallowed objects with great ease. Before the x-ray machine a doctor had to do surgery to find out if the bone was broken. Hospitals can also use x-ray technology to examine softer tissue like the lungs, blood vessels, or the intestines.
The inside of a x-ray machine is an electrode pair, which is a cathode and an anode that sits inside a glass vacuum tube. A cathode is a heated filament, like what you might find in an old fluorescent lamp. There is a current that passes through the filament that heats up the machine. The heat sputters electrons off the filament surface. A
Homerding
positively charged anode, which is made of tungsten, brings the electrons across the tube. There is an extremely high voltage difference between the cathode and anode, which help the electrons fly through the tube with great force. When an electron combines with a tungsten atom it knocks loose an electron in one of the atoms lower orbital. If an electron is in higher orbital it immediately falls into the lower energy level. When that happens it releases its extra energy in the form of a photon. The photon has a high energy level because it’s a big drop from the higher orbital.
X-ray production produces a lot of heat. A motor rotates the anode to keep it from melting. Surrounding the envelope is also a cool oil bath, which also absorbs the heat. A thick lead shield surrounds the entire machine. The shield keeps the x-ray beams from escaping in all directions. There is a small window in the shield, which lets some of the photon escape in a narrow beam. On the way to the patient the beam passes through a series of filters.
On the other side of the patient there is a camera that records the pattern of the x-ray light that passes all the way through the persons body. The x-ray camera uses the same technology as a throw away one uses, however the x-ray light sets off a chemical reaction instead of visible light. Doctors usually keep the film image as a negative. On the negative hard material such as bone show up in white, while softer material show up in black or gray.
Unfortunately x-rays can be harmful. A long time ago doctors would expose themselves and their patients to the beams for long periods of time. Eventually the doctors and patients started to get a sick ness known as radiation sickness. The medical
Homerding
community figured that something was wrong. The problem is that x-rays are a form of ionizing radiation. When normal light hits an atom it can not change the atom, however when a x-ray hit an atom it knocks electrons off and creates an ion. An ions electrical charge can lead to dangerous chemical reactions inside cells. The charge can break DNA, which can cause the cell to die or mutate. If many cells in a person die the person can develop various diseases. However if a cell mutates it could become cancerous and spread. In sperm or an egg cell the mutation could cause birth defects. Knowing all the risk, doctors nowadays use x-rays sparingly.
X-ray machines are a wonderful yet a dangerous gift to the medical world. They let doctors see inside a patient without any surgery at all. It is easier to look at broken bones with the x-ray machine than it is to open the patient up. However they can also cause cancer and birth defects.
http//science.howstuffworks.com/x-ray.htm
http//www.thenakedscientist.com/index.htm?HTML/Columnists/bobburycolumn5.htm~mainFrame
Mind that the sample papers like How the x-ray machine works presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Friday, April 27, 2012
GPS and its Civil Application in Japan
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like GPS and its Civil Application in Japan even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like GPS and its Civil Application in Japan in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
GPS and its Civil Application in Japan
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this paper is to construct a framework for understanding the commercial implications of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and its applications in Japan. Most literature, while touching upon GPS, tends to concentrate on the technicality of how GPS works, seems to be overlook the user’s segment and commercial market where the bulk of revenues are generated. I choose Japan as a case study because Japan is a place where the civilian (commercial) applications of GPS are at high speed of development. Therefore, in this paper, I will first give a brief overview of GPS and its use in the world. Then I will discuss about to what extent and in what aspects GPS has been applied for civilian use in Japan.
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GPS AND ITS BRIEF HISTORY
The Global Positioning System�GPS, is installed 4 Navstar satellites in six orbital planes. Each plane is settled four satellites that rotated with circular 0,00-kilometer orbits at an inclination angle of 55 degrees and a period of 1 hours. The configuration makes the satellites appearing in the same position at the same sidereal time each day. Because the location will be observed by at least five satellites from anywhere at any time, a GPS receiver can receive the signals from at least three of these satellites. Thus, a position can be determined (El-Rabbany, 00; Muller, 000)
To determine the position, it is necessary to calculate the timing differences from at least three signals which are encoded. Each satellite transmits a signal including its orbital elements, clock behavior, system time, and status massages. A contained calendar provides the estimated data for each active satellite, and all satellites have to be located once the first one has been successfully confined. The raw data from satellites can be displayed in some ways such as local time, Universal Time, Standard time. The date acts as an alarm clock, and can calculate sunrise and moonrise, as well as define position, travel direction, speed, and estimate arriving time (El-Rabbany, 00; Parkinson & Spilker, 16).
The twenty-four active GPS satellites orbit 11,000 nautical miles above the Earth. Each GPS satellite sends radio signal containing its code, orbital position, and exact time. Comparing the time which takes for signals to arrive from three or more satellites, a GPS receiver can determine [the own exact coordinates] because each satellite is at a recognized position in space (El-Rabbany, 00; Muller, 000; Parkinson & Spilker, 16).
(Source National Defense Academy in Japan Official Web Site
http//www.nda.ac.jp/cc/users/nami/GPS/outline.html)
(Source Source National Defense Academy in Japan Official Web Site
http//www.nda.ac.jp/cc/users/nami/GPS/carrier.html)
The first navigation system was the U.S. Navy’s Navigation Satellite System introduced in 160s, and by 17, there came a new innovating navigation system planned and completed by a small group of armed forces officers and civilians in the Pentagon. It was based on radio lining up to artificial satellites which were called NAVSTARs (Parkinson & Spilker, 16). Since then, the GPS system had been upgraded on continuous basis with a huge cost of $1 billion dollars over nearly decades (Muller, 000).
The first success application of GPS system was seen during the first Gulf War in 11 when United States forces used the system for navigation and targeting. During the War, U.S. tanks depended on GPS to find their direction around the desert in Iraq and Saudi Arabia. Since then, there has been an increased demand for GPS in world market, not just for military purposes, but more for civilian use. GPS is now used in car navigation, and the on-screen and voice instructions can point out the location on the digital map and chart a path with real-time route guidance for drivers. Today, anyone who carries a GPS receiver, in anywhere in the world, is ensured to almost instantaneously get free benefit from the GPS system for navigational purposes (Wilson, 00).
In its applications, the GPS has proved itself to have more civilian utility than military use. Because of this, the code structure has thus been designed into two coded�the P code used by military, and the C/A code used by civil users. Its civilian utility has been expended from its initial use for accurate time transfer to its current use for survey in marine, air, land, and even space. Now the number of civil users is over more than 10 times than military users. With cost decreasing, it is expected that the number of civil users would increase rapidly (El-Rabbany, 00; Parkinson & Spilker 16). What follows is a list of some major civil applications.
o Public safety (i.e., ambulance route navigation and wireless 11)
o Recreational vehicle navigation (land, air or marine vehicles)
o Other recreational/gaming (such as hunting and fishing devices)
o Automotive /intelligent vehicle navigation
o Asset tracking
o Smart agriculture
o Mining and geological applications
o Construction/civil engineering applications
o Marine surveying and oceanography
o Precision Timing (including personal locating and wireless)
(El-Rabbany, 00; Muller, 000; Newton, 001; Parkinson & Spilker, 16).
Since its invention, the GPS system has been developed through five-generation (blocks) upgrading of satellites. In chronological order, they are 1) Navigation technology satellites; ) navigation development satellites-Block I; ) block II; 4) block IIA satellites; and 5) block IIR satellites. Currently, the U.S.A is planning to build the next group called block IIF. It is now apparent that a new generation of navigation utility has been in making (Parkinson & Spilker, 16).
Beyond the U.S. we have seen the fast development of other satellite navigation systems. Russia has developed Glonass satellite system, an all- weather global navigation satellite system. Russia’s satellite system is similar in general function to the GPS. However, because it failed to develop civil applications, Glonass has not worked well so far. In January 16, the Glonass system completed 4 operational satellites, but by May 001, only seven satellites have remained in function. Nonetheless, a new generation Glonass satellite will be expected to launch in the near future (El-Rabbany, 00).
(Source National Defense Academy in Japan Official Web Site http//www.nda.ac.jp/cc/users/nami/GPS/outline.html)
Since the current satellite-based global navigation systems, both GPS and GLONASS, do not meet all of the civil aviation requirements, concerted efforts have been made to develop several GPS augmentation technologies. For example, in the U.S., Wide Area Augmentation System is in use as a supplement for a ground network and geo-stationary satellites to detect errors in the GPS signals and correct broadcast messages to the receivers. Japan has also developed a similar system, called MTSAT, to improve air traffic control across the Pacific Ocean (El-Rabbany, 00).
On the other hand, competition for future global satellite navigation systems has constantly been fierce between the U.S. and Europe. The European countries such as France, Germany and Italy have decided to build Galileo to compete with the U.S. GPS system. The Galileo will be placed on 0 satellites moving around the earth in three orbit planes linked to ground stations. Galileo will have more accuracy than GPS, designed for non-military, commercial use, and will be free to the civilians who want to get access to it. Russia has announced that they would join with the Galileo (De Selding, 00; El-Rabbany, 00).
GPS IN JAPAN
While most countries around the world use GPS in airlines, ships and businesses, GPS is popular in use not only for the above applications but also for a large number of personal consumers in Japan. The most obvious is car navigation with GPS based mobile communication system. In some way, Japan is a natural market because of its ever heavy traffic jams on the road, even on the highway. Many Japanese use the GPS receiver as kind of toy as they wade through traffic (Fulford, 1).
Since most Japanese households have their own cars, in many cases the cars come not only with CD players and television reception but with GPS-based navigation equipment. Early users in Japan have developed the utility of consumer GPS systems, including an infrastructure of digital maps and real-time traffic trackers. The GPS system has also become standard equipment on most vehicles. Moreover, GPS is also considered the gateway to a coming generation of multipurpose, intelligent mobile electronics (Yosida, 16). For example, a new design of navigational laptop computers was popular in Japan in 1, only one year, there were 1.5 million units sold at prices of $1,000 to $,000. But by comparison, in the U.S. market, the annual sales have been only about 100,000 units. Since 1, some new models of voice recognition system have come out of production line, which is able to correctly recognize user’s home address, display the exact direction, and show the way home by going around the traffic jams (Fulford, 1).
In May 16, Japan introduced its Vehicle Information Communication System. The system can broadcast road conditions and other information for drivers in real-time, and offers drivers alternate routes. Moreover, the system can estimate travel times between two locations, serve as a guide to certain parking lots, and even direct drivers onto the fastest route. Such information is transmitted via FM multiplex broadcasting and optical and radio beacons through the digital map into car navigation system (Yosida, 16). Because of its convenience, the navigation system has become a very useful instrument by which drivers can save enormous time on trip.
In Japan, consumer GPS technology started in the early 10s by Pioneer, and the system has already gone through several generations and survived in major market. Electronics manufacturers have keenly competed with one another on navigators’ richer features as well as lower cost. For this reason, the Japanese companies have developed a sufficient flexible platform and GPS chip-set which displays the users’ terminal in different shapes, designs and applications. According to the Electronics Industry Association of Japan (EIAJ), 70,000 GPS auto systems were sold in Japan between late 1 and July 16, and the annual market share almost doubled in both volume and value (Yosida, 16). In the following, I will specifically discuss about three most popular civil uses of GPS system in Japan.
Car � Navigation System
Car-navigation system is most illustrative in a traffic-information service called the Vehicle Information and Communication System (VICS) run by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MPT), Police Agency and Ministry of Construction. Today, VICS provides more precise and necessary information for drivers such as car accidents and major road construction conditions updates through FM multiplex broadcasting. VICS information can be downloaded to the digital maps of a GPS system. Many automobiles carry non-CD-ROM-based small and cheap enough GPS units, or car audio combined with high quality speaking navigation system with voice-recognition and voice-synthesis technologies (Yoshida, 16). To the average citizen, the GPS system in car navigation on screen and voice instructions can direct complete real-time route guidance and provide instructions on the digital map. It becomes very helpful for Japanese drivers. Because most narrow, unnamed streets follow curving paths which lay out among a tangle of property lines in urban areas, the Japanese drivers heavily dependent on the navigational devices. Car navigators might seem a luxury in other countries but in most Japanese cities they have become a necessity (Coleman, 1)
GPS Personal Mobile Information Devices
Japanese consumer electronics manufacturers are always a major force in the consumer GPS market. They have made a mass market GPS system incorporating a navigation system and mobile system into one. The pocket size receiver is able to pinpoint the position or place of interest on a map and show it on a color display screen. 500,000 units were sold in 14 in Japan alone, and doubled in 15. Since GPS based cell phones have become so popular with people who work outside the office, many industry’s observers expect this device might end up a lager market than car-navigation devices (Yoshida, 15).
For example, NTT-Me has begun the mobile GPS service which users at a PC can pinpoint the location of a GPS based cell phone. Salesmen on the road can be kept to track frequently, and respond customers orders quickly because the GPS unit transmits the location data into voice data which is sent to a service center by the cell phone, and then relayed to the customers PC (Mitsumori, 1, and Wireless Watch, 000). On the other hand, Seiko Epson Corp, began marketing a personal GPS based cell phone, the Locatio-COM, in June 18. The Locatio uses the same technology as car navigation system, but has a higher accuracy rate because Seiko Epson built six base stations around the Japan to reduce errors (Mitsumori, 1). In addition to having GPS, a new vision “Locatio” is equipped with digital camera, and users are able to access Web sites and take pictures. The ability of access to Web sites also means that users can find out information about transportation, travel time, restaurants and hotels. The Locatio, for less than 00 dollars, is selling very well among the Japanese (Yomouri, 1).
Vehicle Management Systems
Recently, several leading companies have developed vehicle management system and physical distribution systems combined advanced technology, such as packet data communications and GPS technology. For instance, in Mitsubishi’ Corp, Mitsubishi Navi Net Communications Vehicle Location Management System, is now installed in each vehicle it has produced. The center office can check the job status of each vehicle, and control customers’ information. In this case, user companies need a computer, vehicle location management software and a router at the head offices, and each vehicle has a car navigation system. Due to combined packet data communication technology, user companies can reduce the communications charges by one-tenth than using traditional data switch system. Moreover, the system can connect with the companys intranet (Mitsumori, 000).
In another case, Oki Electric Industry Company has launched its location information service system combining GPS with computer telephony. The CTI server (Telecommunication network center) receives the users’ location data through cellular networks, and searches for necessary data, such as the mapping information, and then sends the information back to the user. The system is use for distribution companies to manage vehicle allocations effectively and for taxi companies to do emergency communication (Mitsumori, 000).
In addition, the distribution industry has now introduced a new system using wireless and GPS technology. For example, Nippon Express Co, the largest distribution company in Japan, has carried out a delivery truck allocation system that is designed for truck delivery for imports and exports. Because each vehicle is equipped with a GPS sensor and a cell phone, a driver inputs the container number, the destination and the status of the job, and then the information is delivered to each Nippon Expresss office through satellite. Employees at central offices can check the information on a PC screen and send tasks to each drivers cell phone. Sagawa Kyubin, the second largest distribution company in Japan started to practice the similar system too (Mitsumori, 000). From all the above changes brought by the applications of GPS, Japan’s transportation and communication systems have greatly been improved in terms of efficiency, particularly over the past ten years.
CONCLUSION
Future applications of civil GPS to enhance the existing system are well underway in Japan. Supported financially by the Japanese government, Japanese industries are moving toward to develop mobile communications and enhance the GPS navigation services across all industries. To facilitate this, a promotion council, a group of 7 companies, has established New Satellite Business Corp. on Oct. , 00. The new company is responsible for responding to a Space Activities Commission recommendation to develop so-called quasi-zenith satellite system. Like GEO satellites, quasi-zenith satellites can operate at altitudes of about 6,000 kilometers. But while geostationary satellites are placed in fixed positions above the equator, quasi-zenith satellites are located in “inclined orbits and drift back and forth between latitudes north and south of the equator.”( http//www.crl.go.jp/ka/control/efsat/index-e.html; Kallender, 00).
Figures, Making a quasi-zenith satellite and Quasi-zenith satellite orbits. (http//www.crl.go.jp/ka/control/efsat/index-e.htm)
The promotion council hopes to develop the new system that will enhance signals from the U.S. GPS system, and provide high data transition speed mobile communications services. Thus, the council brings Japanese major space, electronics, broadcasting, automobile, and communications companies together with utilities including Sony, NTT, state broadcaster NHK, Toyota and else. The Japanese Business Federation estimates that the new system market will reach 1.7 trillion yen in the next five years, and 6.1 trillion yen in 1 years (Kallender, 00).
In addition to developing quasi-zenith satellite system, it appears that the Internet service industries have expedited the above process to equip Japan with the enhanced system. The Internet, with its worldwide web of networked computers, has opened doors to many new applications. Now Japan is on the stage of developing Internet CAR combined with the Internet and GPS, two of the fastest growing technology. The new system will have many benefits for providing users an inexpensive, global, and exact navigation solution. Internet Car will connect all automobiles in Japan to the Internet, regardless of the mobility and connectivity, to achieve a new information structure with the sensor information of the vehicles (Hada et al., 000). With this, Japan would surely move into “a widely Integrated Distributed Environment”.
References
Beep, beep, beep--You are now here. (1, July 1). The Daily Yomiuri (Tokyo), p. .
Cornell, A. (1, August 4). Tokyo traffic chaos in GPS. Australian Financial Review.
Coleman. J. (1, August 0). Satellite glitch may take Japanese for a wild ride. Chicago Sun
-Times.
De Selding, P. B. (00, December ). U.S. government pressures Europe on Galieo spectrum.
Space News.
Elliott, F. (000, August 0). UK Threatens to veto space project. Scotland on Sunday. pp. 5.
El-Rabbany, A. (00). Introduction to GPS the Global Positioning SystemVol 1. pp. 1-11,
1-164. Boston, MA Artech House.
Etak. (14). Sony, Etak offer mobile navigation. Digital Media, , 0-.
Global positioning system. (000, July 7). National Defense Academy in Japan Official Web
Site. Retrieved February 10, 00 from the World Wide Web
http//www.nda.ac.jp/cc/users/nami/GPS/
Fulford, B. (1, November). Show me the way to go home. Forbes, 164 (11), pp. 6.
Hada, H., Sunahara, H., Uehara, K., Kawakita, Y., Murai, J., Petrovski, I., Torimoto, H. &
Kawaguchi, S. (000, May). The Internet, cars, and DGPS. GPS World, 11 (5), 8-44.
Kallender, P. (00, October 7). Japanese industry pushes GPS enhancement system. Space
News.
Mitsumori, Y. (1, September 1). Carriers to launch GPS-based location services in Japan.
RCR Wireless News, 18 (7), 68.
Mitsumori, Y. (000, September 18). Japanese firms test packet, GPS systems. RCR Wireless
News, 1 (8), pp. 7-80.
Muller, N. J. (000). Desktop encyclopedia of telecommunications. pp. 45-50. New York
McGraw-Hill.
Newton, H. (001). Newton’s telecom dictionary (17th ed.). pp. 1-. New York CMP
Books.
Parkinson, B. W. & Spilker, J. J. (16). The global positioning system theory and applications
Volume 1. pp.1-55. Washington, DC American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics.
Quasi-zenith satellites. (00). Communication Research laboratory. Retrieved February 10,
00, from the World Wide Web http//www.crl.go.jp/ka/control/efsat/index-e.htm
Williamson, R. (1, March 15). The GPS challenge. Space News.
Wilson, D. (00, October 8). Cheating at golf a lot more fun with GPS. South China Morning
Post. pp. 1.
Yosida, J. (16). GPS comes to the dashboard. Electronic Engineering Times, 4, 1-.
Yosida, J. (15). GPS in consumer orbit. Electronic Engineering Times, 86, 5-6.
Mind that the sample papers like GPS and its Civil Application in Japan presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
GPS and its Civil Application in Japan
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this paper is to construct a framework for understanding the commercial implications of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and its applications in Japan. Most literature, while touching upon GPS, tends to concentrate on the technicality of how GPS works, seems to be overlook the user’s segment and commercial market where the bulk of revenues are generated. I choose Japan as a case study because Japan is a place where the civilian (commercial) applications of GPS are at high speed of development. Therefore, in this paper, I will first give a brief overview of GPS and its use in the world. Then I will discuss about to what extent and in what aspects GPS has been applied for civilian use in Japan.
Write my paper for me!!!
GPS AND ITS BRIEF HISTORY
The Global Positioning System�GPS, is installed 4 Navstar satellites in six orbital planes. Each plane is settled four satellites that rotated with circular 0,00-kilometer orbits at an inclination angle of 55 degrees and a period of 1 hours. The configuration makes the satellites appearing in the same position at the same sidereal time each day. Because the location will be observed by at least five satellites from anywhere at any time, a GPS receiver can receive the signals from at least three of these satellites. Thus, a position can be determined (El-Rabbany, 00; Muller, 000)
To determine the position, it is necessary to calculate the timing differences from at least three signals which are encoded. Each satellite transmits a signal including its orbital elements, clock behavior, system time, and status massages. A contained calendar provides the estimated data for each active satellite, and all satellites have to be located once the first one has been successfully confined. The raw data from satellites can be displayed in some ways such as local time, Universal Time, Standard time. The date acts as an alarm clock, and can calculate sunrise and moonrise, as well as define position, travel direction, speed, and estimate arriving time (El-Rabbany, 00; Parkinson & Spilker, 16).
The twenty-four active GPS satellites orbit 11,000 nautical miles above the Earth. Each GPS satellite sends radio signal containing its code, orbital position, and exact time. Comparing the time which takes for signals to arrive from three or more satellites, a GPS receiver can determine [the own exact coordinates] because each satellite is at a recognized position in space (El-Rabbany, 00; Muller, 000; Parkinson & Spilker, 16).
(Source National Defense Academy in Japan Official Web Site
http//www.nda.ac.jp/cc/users/nami/GPS/outline.html)
(Source Source National Defense Academy in Japan Official Web Site
http//www.nda.ac.jp/cc/users/nami/GPS/carrier.html)
The first navigation system was the U.S. Navy’s Navigation Satellite System introduced in 160s, and by 17, there came a new innovating navigation system planned and completed by a small group of armed forces officers and civilians in the Pentagon. It was based on radio lining up to artificial satellites which were called NAVSTARs (Parkinson & Spilker, 16). Since then, the GPS system had been upgraded on continuous basis with a huge cost of $1 billion dollars over nearly decades (Muller, 000).
The first success application of GPS system was seen during the first Gulf War in 11 when United States forces used the system for navigation and targeting. During the War, U.S. tanks depended on GPS to find their direction around the desert in Iraq and Saudi Arabia. Since then, there has been an increased demand for GPS in world market, not just for military purposes, but more for civilian use. GPS is now used in car navigation, and the on-screen and voice instructions can point out the location on the digital map and chart a path with real-time route guidance for drivers. Today, anyone who carries a GPS receiver, in anywhere in the world, is ensured to almost instantaneously get free benefit from the GPS system for navigational purposes (Wilson, 00).
In its applications, the GPS has proved itself to have more civilian utility than military use. Because of this, the code structure has thus been designed into two coded�the P code used by military, and the C/A code used by civil users. Its civilian utility has been expended from its initial use for accurate time transfer to its current use for survey in marine, air, land, and even space. Now the number of civil users is over more than 10 times than military users. With cost decreasing, it is expected that the number of civil users would increase rapidly (El-Rabbany, 00; Parkinson & Spilker 16). What follows is a list of some major civil applications.
o Public safety (i.e., ambulance route navigation and wireless 11)
o Recreational vehicle navigation (land, air or marine vehicles)
o Other recreational/gaming (such as hunting and fishing devices)
o Automotive /intelligent vehicle navigation
o Asset tracking
o Smart agriculture
o Mining and geological applications
o Construction/civil engineering applications
o Marine surveying and oceanography
o Precision Timing (including personal locating and wireless)
(El-Rabbany, 00; Muller, 000; Newton, 001; Parkinson & Spilker, 16).
Since its invention, the GPS system has been developed through five-generation (blocks) upgrading of satellites. In chronological order, they are 1) Navigation technology satellites; ) navigation development satellites-Block I; ) block II; 4) block IIA satellites; and 5) block IIR satellites. Currently, the U.S.A is planning to build the next group called block IIF. It is now apparent that a new generation of navigation utility has been in making (Parkinson & Spilker, 16).
Beyond the U.S. we have seen the fast development of other satellite navigation systems. Russia has developed Glonass satellite system, an all- weather global navigation satellite system. Russia’s satellite system is similar in general function to the GPS. However, because it failed to develop civil applications, Glonass has not worked well so far. In January 16, the Glonass system completed 4 operational satellites, but by May 001, only seven satellites have remained in function. Nonetheless, a new generation Glonass satellite will be expected to launch in the near future (El-Rabbany, 00).
(Source National Defense Academy in Japan Official Web Site http//www.nda.ac.jp/cc/users/nami/GPS/outline.html)
Since the current satellite-based global navigation systems, both GPS and GLONASS, do not meet all of the civil aviation requirements, concerted efforts have been made to develop several GPS augmentation technologies. For example, in the U.S., Wide Area Augmentation System is in use as a supplement for a ground network and geo-stationary satellites to detect errors in the GPS signals and correct broadcast messages to the receivers. Japan has also developed a similar system, called MTSAT, to improve air traffic control across the Pacific Ocean (El-Rabbany, 00).
On the other hand, competition for future global satellite navigation systems has constantly been fierce between the U.S. and Europe. The European countries such as France, Germany and Italy have decided to build Galileo to compete with the U.S. GPS system. The Galileo will be placed on 0 satellites moving around the earth in three orbit planes linked to ground stations. Galileo will have more accuracy than GPS, designed for non-military, commercial use, and will be free to the civilians who want to get access to it. Russia has announced that they would join with the Galileo (De Selding, 00; El-Rabbany, 00).
GPS IN JAPAN
While most countries around the world use GPS in airlines, ships and businesses, GPS is popular in use not only for the above applications but also for a large number of personal consumers in Japan. The most obvious is car navigation with GPS based mobile communication system. In some way, Japan is a natural market because of its ever heavy traffic jams on the road, even on the highway. Many Japanese use the GPS receiver as kind of toy as they wade through traffic (Fulford, 1).
Since most Japanese households have their own cars, in many cases the cars come not only with CD players and television reception but with GPS-based navigation equipment. Early users in Japan have developed the utility of consumer GPS systems, including an infrastructure of digital maps and real-time traffic trackers. The GPS system has also become standard equipment on most vehicles. Moreover, GPS is also considered the gateway to a coming generation of multipurpose, intelligent mobile electronics (Yosida, 16). For example, a new design of navigational laptop computers was popular in Japan in 1, only one year, there were 1.5 million units sold at prices of $1,000 to $,000. But by comparison, in the U.S. market, the annual sales have been only about 100,000 units. Since 1, some new models of voice recognition system have come out of production line, which is able to correctly recognize user’s home address, display the exact direction, and show the way home by going around the traffic jams (Fulford, 1).
In May 16, Japan introduced its Vehicle Information Communication System. The system can broadcast road conditions and other information for drivers in real-time, and offers drivers alternate routes. Moreover, the system can estimate travel times between two locations, serve as a guide to certain parking lots, and even direct drivers onto the fastest route. Such information is transmitted via FM multiplex broadcasting and optical and radio beacons through the digital map into car navigation system (Yosida, 16). Because of its convenience, the navigation system has become a very useful instrument by which drivers can save enormous time on trip.
In Japan, consumer GPS technology started in the early 10s by Pioneer, and the system has already gone through several generations and survived in major market. Electronics manufacturers have keenly competed with one another on navigators’ richer features as well as lower cost. For this reason, the Japanese companies have developed a sufficient flexible platform and GPS chip-set which displays the users’ terminal in different shapes, designs and applications. According to the Electronics Industry Association of Japan (EIAJ), 70,000 GPS auto systems were sold in Japan between late 1 and July 16, and the annual market share almost doubled in both volume and value (Yosida, 16). In the following, I will specifically discuss about three most popular civil uses of GPS system in Japan.
Car � Navigation System
Car-navigation system is most illustrative in a traffic-information service called the Vehicle Information and Communication System (VICS) run by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MPT), Police Agency and Ministry of Construction. Today, VICS provides more precise and necessary information for drivers such as car accidents and major road construction conditions updates through FM multiplex broadcasting. VICS information can be downloaded to the digital maps of a GPS system. Many automobiles carry non-CD-ROM-based small and cheap enough GPS units, or car audio combined with high quality speaking navigation system with voice-recognition and voice-synthesis technologies (Yoshida, 16). To the average citizen, the GPS system in car navigation on screen and voice instructions can direct complete real-time route guidance and provide instructions on the digital map. It becomes very helpful for Japanese drivers. Because most narrow, unnamed streets follow curving paths which lay out among a tangle of property lines in urban areas, the Japanese drivers heavily dependent on the navigational devices. Car navigators might seem a luxury in other countries but in most Japanese cities they have become a necessity (Coleman, 1)
GPS Personal Mobile Information Devices
Japanese consumer electronics manufacturers are always a major force in the consumer GPS market. They have made a mass market GPS system incorporating a navigation system and mobile system into one. The pocket size receiver is able to pinpoint the position or place of interest on a map and show it on a color display screen. 500,000 units were sold in 14 in Japan alone, and doubled in 15. Since GPS based cell phones have become so popular with people who work outside the office, many industry’s observers expect this device might end up a lager market than car-navigation devices (Yoshida, 15).
For example, NTT-Me has begun the mobile GPS service which users at a PC can pinpoint the location of a GPS based cell phone. Salesmen on the road can be kept to track frequently, and respond customers orders quickly because the GPS unit transmits the location data into voice data which is sent to a service center by the cell phone, and then relayed to the customers PC (Mitsumori, 1, and Wireless Watch, 000). On the other hand, Seiko Epson Corp, began marketing a personal GPS based cell phone, the Locatio-COM, in June 18. The Locatio uses the same technology as car navigation system, but has a higher accuracy rate because Seiko Epson built six base stations around the Japan to reduce errors (Mitsumori, 1). In addition to having GPS, a new vision “Locatio” is equipped with digital camera, and users are able to access Web sites and take pictures. The ability of access to Web sites also means that users can find out information about transportation, travel time, restaurants and hotels. The Locatio, for less than 00 dollars, is selling very well among the Japanese (Yomouri, 1).
Vehicle Management Systems
Recently, several leading companies have developed vehicle management system and physical distribution systems combined advanced technology, such as packet data communications and GPS technology. For instance, in Mitsubishi’ Corp, Mitsubishi Navi Net Communications Vehicle Location Management System, is now installed in each vehicle it has produced. The center office can check the job status of each vehicle, and control customers’ information. In this case, user companies need a computer, vehicle location management software and a router at the head offices, and each vehicle has a car navigation system. Due to combined packet data communication technology, user companies can reduce the communications charges by one-tenth than using traditional data switch system. Moreover, the system can connect with the companys intranet (Mitsumori, 000).
In another case, Oki Electric Industry Company has launched its location information service system combining GPS with computer telephony. The CTI server (Telecommunication network center) receives the users’ location data through cellular networks, and searches for necessary data, such as the mapping information, and then sends the information back to the user. The system is use for distribution companies to manage vehicle allocations effectively and for taxi companies to do emergency communication (Mitsumori, 000).
In addition, the distribution industry has now introduced a new system using wireless and GPS technology. For example, Nippon Express Co, the largest distribution company in Japan, has carried out a delivery truck allocation system that is designed for truck delivery for imports and exports. Because each vehicle is equipped with a GPS sensor and a cell phone, a driver inputs the container number, the destination and the status of the job, and then the information is delivered to each Nippon Expresss office through satellite. Employees at central offices can check the information on a PC screen and send tasks to each drivers cell phone. Sagawa Kyubin, the second largest distribution company in Japan started to practice the similar system too (Mitsumori, 000). From all the above changes brought by the applications of GPS, Japan’s transportation and communication systems have greatly been improved in terms of efficiency, particularly over the past ten years.
CONCLUSION
Future applications of civil GPS to enhance the existing system are well underway in Japan. Supported financially by the Japanese government, Japanese industries are moving toward to develop mobile communications and enhance the GPS navigation services across all industries. To facilitate this, a promotion council, a group of 7 companies, has established New Satellite Business Corp. on Oct. , 00. The new company is responsible for responding to a Space Activities Commission recommendation to develop so-called quasi-zenith satellite system. Like GEO satellites, quasi-zenith satellites can operate at altitudes of about 6,000 kilometers. But while geostationary satellites are placed in fixed positions above the equator, quasi-zenith satellites are located in “inclined orbits and drift back and forth between latitudes north and south of the equator.”( http//www.crl.go.jp/ka/control/efsat/index-e.html; Kallender, 00).
Figures, Making a quasi-zenith satellite and Quasi-zenith satellite orbits. (http//www.crl.go.jp/ka/control/efsat/index-e.htm)
The promotion council hopes to develop the new system that will enhance signals from the U.S. GPS system, and provide high data transition speed mobile communications services. Thus, the council brings Japanese major space, electronics, broadcasting, automobile, and communications companies together with utilities including Sony, NTT, state broadcaster NHK, Toyota and else. The Japanese Business Federation estimates that the new system market will reach 1.7 trillion yen in the next five years, and 6.1 trillion yen in 1 years (Kallender, 00).
In addition to developing quasi-zenith satellite system, it appears that the Internet service industries have expedited the above process to equip Japan with the enhanced system. The Internet, with its worldwide web of networked computers, has opened doors to many new applications. Now Japan is on the stage of developing Internet CAR combined with the Internet and GPS, two of the fastest growing technology. The new system will have many benefits for providing users an inexpensive, global, and exact navigation solution. Internet Car will connect all automobiles in Japan to the Internet, regardless of the mobility and connectivity, to achieve a new information structure with the sensor information of the vehicles (Hada et al., 000). With this, Japan would surely move into “a widely Integrated Distributed Environment”.
References
Beep, beep, beep--You are now here. (1, July 1). The Daily Yomiuri (Tokyo), p. .
Cornell, A. (1, August 4). Tokyo traffic chaos in GPS. Australian Financial Review.
Coleman. J. (1, August 0). Satellite glitch may take Japanese for a wild ride. Chicago Sun
-Times.
De Selding, P. B. (00, December ). U.S. government pressures Europe on Galieo spectrum.
Space News.
Elliott, F. (000, August 0). UK Threatens to veto space project. Scotland on Sunday. pp. 5.
El-Rabbany, A. (00). Introduction to GPS the Global Positioning SystemVol 1. pp. 1-11,
1-164. Boston, MA Artech House.
Etak. (14). Sony, Etak offer mobile navigation. Digital Media, , 0-.
Global positioning system. (000, July 7). National Defense Academy in Japan Official Web
Site. Retrieved February 10, 00 from the World Wide Web
http//www.nda.ac.jp/cc/users/nami/GPS/
Fulford, B. (1, November). Show me the way to go home. Forbes, 164 (11), pp. 6.
Hada, H., Sunahara, H., Uehara, K., Kawakita, Y., Murai, J., Petrovski, I., Torimoto, H. &
Kawaguchi, S. (000, May). The Internet, cars, and DGPS. GPS World, 11 (5), 8-44.
Kallender, P. (00, October 7). Japanese industry pushes GPS enhancement system. Space
News.
Mitsumori, Y. (1, September 1). Carriers to launch GPS-based location services in Japan.
RCR Wireless News, 18 (7), 68.
Mitsumori, Y. (000, September 18). Japanese firms test packet, GPS systems. RCR Wireless
News, 1 (8), pp. 7-80.
Muller, N. J. (000). Desktop encyclopedia of telecommunications. pp. 45-50. New York
McGraw-Hill.
Newton, H. (001). Newton’s telecom dictionary (17th ed.). pp. 1-. New York CMP
Books.
Parkinson, B. W. & Spilker, J. J. (16). The global positioning system theory and applications
Volume 1. pp.1-55. Washington, DC American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics.
Quasi-zenith satellites. (00). Communication Research laboratory. Retrieved February 10,
00, from the World Wide Web http//www.crl.go.jp/ka/control/efsat/index-e.htm
Williamson, R. (1, March 15). The GPS challenge. Space News.
Wilson, D. (00, October 8). Cheating at golf a lot more fun with GPS. South China Morning
Post. pp. 1.
Yosida, J. (16). GPS comes to the dashboard. Electronic Engineering Times, 4, 1-.
Yosida, J. (15). GPS in consumer orbit. Electronic Engineering Times, 86, 5-6.
Mind that the sample papers like GPS and its Civil Application in Japan presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, April 26, 2012
African Psychology
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like African Psychology even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like African Psychology in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The black experience is a large topic. In psychology the concepts of African-Americans and Anglo experiences are compared. While psychology tries to understand the black culture, it makes a mistake by trying to compare two totally different styles of living.
When blacks are compared with the white community conclusions are drawn out that the African American society is inferior, and weak. Psychologist say that black people are culturally deprived, and the type of environment that blacks are usually reared from keeps blacks from becoming socially prepared to be able to achieve within the Anglo middle class society.
The idea of African-Americans being weak is a sad misunderstanding. Blacks as well as other races have survived humorous hurdles that were set to block off the race from achieving equality. The black culture is very strong and aware. An African-American child understands at a young age that they exist in a complicated environment. At an early age the black child has already grasped an important understanding in psychology, that pain and struggle are unavoidable. Some psychologists are not able to recognize the strong character in black children, because of how hard they focus on the so-called weakness. When a white middle-class individual walks into the black home there is no doubt he will see things that he is not accustomed to. Instead of seeing the Anglo culture material that they see in their home, there are ebony magazines, the radio is tuned loud on the hip-hop station, and everybody in the house may be trying to talk at once. The observer may feel that the household is not right, but the blacks that live there feel that all is normal. The goals and views of the two homes are largely apart, which would make the experience of both homes obviously different.
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Family is an important topic of conversation when we are discussing the facts about white and black society. For starters, the black family is more of a matriarchal structure than anything. Usually in the homes of African-Americans there is only one parent in the house. The Anglo society is more likely to have the mother and father in the home raising the child. It is a fact that the black male is rarely grounded in the home of African-Americans, because of that fact psychology labels the black male raised in a one-parent home by saying he has identity troubles. Psychologists say the cycle continues because the offspring carries their hang-ups into the next generation.
The home of the black family may be matriarchal, but psychologists seem to forget about the extended family in the African-American culture. Aunties, uncles, grandmothers, older brothers and sisters contribute to the raising of a young one. The African-American family is based on the African culture. The African culture bases their belief on a community way of life, and everyone has their part contributing to the society. The basic community for African-Americans is family orientated. When there is not a father in the home the child either can pick a model for their selves or allow an extended family member to fill the role.
A lot of the black male models for the African-American community are characterized as the “super nigga”. The “super nigga” is opposite of the model for the Anglo society is opposite of the model for the Anglo society that is a white collar , business suit, hard worker that succeeds through time and retires happy. The “super nigga” is glorified because he does it his way, which is cunning, sly, and succeeds by creatively getting by in a Anglo dominated world where he is not meant to be successful, The models for both Anglo and African-American can be seen on television. Though, there are more positive role models for the black community they are not shown as much as the white hero that does it all by the book.
The homes of the Anglo and black community are rooted in two different soils. To be quick to jump to a conclusion of which upbringing is correct would be ignorant. Psychologist should not be focused on the rearranging of the black society and getting it closer to the Anglo-middle class society. What should be focused on is strengthening the community to be strong in one body like the culture African-Americans are reared from.
Mind that the sample papers like African Psychology presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The black experience is a large topic. In psychology the concepts of African-Americans and Anglo experiences are compared. While psychology tries to understand the black culture, it makes a mistake by trying to compare two totally different styles of living.
When blacks are compared with the white community conclusions are drawn out that the African American society is inferior, and weak. Psychologist say that black people are culturally deprived, and the type of environment that blacks are usually reared from keeps blacks from becoming socially prepared to be able to achieve within the Anglo middle class society.
The idea of African-Americans being weak is a sad misunderstanding. Blacks as well as other races have survived humorous hurdles that were set to block off the race from achieving equality. The black culture is very strong and aware. An African-American child understands at a young age that they exist in a complicated environment. At an early age the black child has already grasped an important understanding in psychology, that pain and struggle are unavoidable. Some psychologists are not able to recognize the strong character in black children, because of how hard they focus on the so-called weakness. When a white middle-class individual walks into the black home there is no doubt he will see things that he is not accustomed to. Instead of seeing the Anglo culture material that they see in their home, there are ebony magazines, the radio is tuned loud on the hip-hop station, and everybody in the house may be trying to talk at once. The observer may feel that the household is not right, but the blacks that live there feel that all is normal. The goals and views of the two homes are largely apart, which would make the experience of both homes obviously different.
Do my coursework
Family is an important topic of conversation when we are discussing the facts about white and black society. For starters, the black family is more of a matriarchal structure than anything. Usually in the homes of African-Americans there is only one parent in the house. The Anglo society is more likely to have the mother and father in the home raising the child. It is a fact that the black male is rarely grounded in the home of African-Americans, because of that fact psychology labels the black male raised in a one-parent home by saying he has identity troubles. Psychologists say the cycle continues because the offspring carries their hang-ups into the next generation.
The home of the black family may be matriarchal, but psychologists seem to forget about the extended family in the African-American culture. Aunties, uncles, grandmothers, older brothers and sisters contribute to the raising of a young one. The African-American family is based on the African culture. The African culture bases their belief on a community way of life, and everyone has their part contributing to the society. The basic community for African-Americans is family orientated. When there is not a father in the home the child either can pick a model for their selves or allow an extended family member to fill the role.
A lot of the black male models for the African-American community are characterized as the “super nigga”. The “super nigga” is opposite of the model for the Anglo society is opposite of the model for the Anglo society that is a white collar , business suit, hard worker that succeeds through time and retires happy. The “super nigga” is glorified because he does it his way, which is cunning, sly, and succeeds by creatively getting by in a Anglo dominated world where he is not meant to be successful, The models for both Anglo and African-American can be seen on television. Though, there are more positive role models for the black community they are not shown as much as the white hero that does it all by the book.
The homes of the Anglo and black community are rooted in two different soils. To be quick to jump to a conclusion of which upbringing is correct would be ignorant. Psychologist should not be focused on the rearranging of the black society and getting it closer to the Anglo-middle class society. What should be focused on is strengthening the community to be strong in one body like the culture African-Americans are reared from.
Mind that the sample papers like African Psychology presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The Synoptic Gospels and the Gospel of John
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like The Synoptic Gospels and the Gospel of John even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like The Synoptic Gospels and the Gospel of John in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The Synoptic Gospels and the Gospel of John
A Comparison
The four books that have been placed at the beginning of the New Testament, the Gospels, are a kind of benign Rashomon-style account of Jesus; his life, his teachings and his ultimate ascension. The first three books, are named after their presumed authors, Matthew, Mark and Luke, and are referred to as the Synoptic Gospels (from the Greek synoptikos, “viewing together”). So called because of their similar approaches to the story, they differ not only in content from the fourth Gospel, John, but particularly in the fourth book’s spiritual and poetic style which is more complex and profound than the first three books.
Who wrote these Gospels has been a matter of theological debate, and the order and date of the books is still a matter of speculation. Most scholars today are confident that Mark was written first, followed by Matthew (who was not familiar with the term “plagiarism”), then Luke and finally John. Having the Gospels bookended by two of Jesus’ disciples possibly gave some comfort to the original organizers of the text. However, it is more logical to believe that Matthew was placed first because of the inclusion of the Sermon on the Mount, since it contains the essence of Christianity.
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The authorship of all four Gospels has been a controversial subject since “canon questioning” became popular in the nineteenth century. Scholars point out that there is no Mark listed among the disciples, and Matthew, a tax collector, seems an unlikely candidate for credit. (but as an eyewitness, he clearly had something to do with the Gospel that bears his name.) Luke seems more polished than the first two, and he certainly was well educated and conversant in Greek, as evidenced by his use of the conventions of classical Greek writings. John is harder to pinpoint. That he was a witness to the events in his book, is easily accepted, but could a simple Gallillean fisherman have given us such poetic Greek prose?
When they were written is also open to scholarly speculation, but most modern theologians place Mark around 70 BCE, Matthew and Luke ten to fifteen years later, and John well into the first decade of the 100’s.
However, none of this is as important as what was written. The Gospels outline the foundation for the Christian religion, and accusations of redundancy are easily dispelled when we look carefully at the text.
The similarities of the synoptic Gospels allow us to separate them from John and make comparison much simpler. Matthew and Luke both concur on the Sermon on the Mount and the declaration of the Beatitudes, and are in virtual unison as they enunciate the Golden Rule. Mark joins them with the view that a Kingdom divided is in big trouble, and the three books are almost identical in their retelling of the walk on water, the mustard seed parable and the crucifixion details. Description of the virgin birth and its accompanying details are prominent in the first three books, but seem to be purposely omitted from the fourth. John makes no mention of the Lord’s Prayer, and the casting out of demons is nowhere to be found in the fourth book.
The book of John stands apart from the other gospels. Not only does it omit any information about Jesus’ birth, it leaves out any details of his early life. More interesting than what it omits, is the list of events that it describes that are not to be found anywhere in Scripture. Only in John do we find Jesus’ first miracle at Cana ,where he turned water into wine at the insistence of Mary, (“Woman, my time has not yet come”, John 4) In John we learn of Lazarus’ resurrection, Nicodemus’s visit with Jesus and the first cleansing of the temple. John describes three trips to Jerusalem, while the synoptics mention only one. And the long farewell message to his disciples (John 1-17) is nowhere to be found in the synoptic books
However, it is more than specific content that distinguishes John .It is from a literary perspective that John differs from the synoptics in its approach. While both are written from a third person perspective, the synoptics are descriptive and reportive, while John has stepped back to give us a more reflective view that could only come from a place in time more removed from Matthew, Mark and Luke. The author of John has almost isolated himself from the events, and even though he appears to have been there when it all occurred, he has had a great deal of time to digest ad interpret the moments.
John is full of clever literary devices that are used to bring home the points the author wants to make. The misunderstood statement” is found throughout. Jesus’ words
are misunderstood and that gives him an opportunity to explain exactly what he means, as when Nicodemus asks “how can a man be born when he is old?” (John 5) Jesus can now clear up Nicodemus’ confusion…and ours. In John 4, the Samaritan woman misunderstands Jesus reference to living water and that allows him to explain carefully that the ‘water’ he gives will lead to eternal life. (a metaphor that seems unforced and natural in John)
Symbolism and double meanings abound in John (1, the temple/body references) and more importantly, the gospel is replete in long dialogues and conversations rather that proverbs or sayings that are found in the synoptics. (The Nicodemus conversation (John ), the farewell to the disciples (John 1-17), and the Bread of Life discourse (John 6). The theological historian, L. Goppelt described it this way “the Gospel of John passed on the words of Jesus predominantly in another genre than the synoptics; it did not do so in sayings, parables and controversial dialogues,, but in connected or dialogical discourses.”
Aside from style, the purpose of the books must be taken into account. John is clearly evangelical in nature, asking its audience to make an informed decision about Jesus. While Matthew seems to have been written for a specific constituency, and Mark and Luke were both designed for Greek or Roman readers, John has a more ambitious goal a universal audience.
Although John is rather complex, his main theme is clear Jesus is God. While the synoptic gospels describe his diviness, it is John that proclaims that Jesus can forgive and therefore is God.
The declaration of Jesus as God is central to the Gospel of John. In the Prologue of the book, Jesus is referred to as ”the one and only”…. not like other people; he is the divine Son of God and therefore IS God. In 818 he again makes it clear that Jesus is God, and in 14-8 Jesus says, ”anyone who has seen me has seen the Father.” He is saying, according to John, that he speaks and acts for God because he is God and God is in him. He is claiming that the Father and the Son equally have all the qualities of a deity, therefore he is claiming to be God. Again in 100 we hear Jesus declare (according to John) “I and the Father are one.”
This is the thrust of John.
It has been said that the Gospel of John is like a pool of water, shallow enough at the edges for a child to wade, but deep enough in the center that an elephant could swim. This seems appropriate since, unlike the synoptics, there is a depth to this book that has kept scholars busy for lifetimes.
Mind that the sample papers like The Synoptic Gospels and the Gospel of John presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The Synoptic Gospels and the Gospel of John
A Comparison
The four books that have been placed at the beginning of the New Testament, the Gospels, are a kind of benign Rashomon-style account of Jesus; his life, his teachings and his ultimate ascension. The first three books, are named after their presumed authors, Matthew, Mark and Luke, and are referred to as the Synoptic Gospels (from the Greek synoptikos, “viewing together”). So called because of their similar approaches to the story, they differ not only in content from the fourth Gospel, John, but particularly in the fourth book’s spiritual and poetic style which is more complex and profound than the first three books.
Who wrote these Gospels has been a matter of theological debate, and the order and date of the books is still a matter of speculation. Most scholars today are confident that Mark was written first, followed by Matthew (who was not familiar with the term “plagiarism”), then Luke and finally John. Having the Gospels bookended by two of Jesus’ disciples possibly gave some comfort to the original organizers of the text. However, it is more logical to believe that Matthew was placed first because of the inclusion of the Sermon on the Mount, since it contains the essence of Christianity.
Write my paper for me!!!
The authorship of all four Gospels has been a controversial subject since “canon questioning” became popular in the nineteenth century. Scholars point out that there is no Mark listed among the disciples, and Matthew, a tax collector, seems an unlikely candidate for credit. (but as an eyewitness, he clearly had something to do with the Gospel that bears his name.) Luke seems more polished than the first two, and he certainly was well educated and conversant in Greek, as evidenced by his use of the conventions of classical Greek writings. John is harder to pinpoint. That he was a witness to the events in his book, is easily accepted, but could a simple Gallillean fisherman have given us such poetic Greek prose?
When they were written is also open to scholarly speculation, but most modern theologians place Mark around 70 BCE, Matthew and Luke ten to fifteen years later, and John well into the first decade of the 100’s.
However, none of this is as important as what was written. The Gospels outline the foundation for the Christian religion, and accusations of redundancy are easily dispelled when we look carefully at the text.
The similarities of the synoptic Gospels allow us to separate them from John and make comparison much simpler. Matthew and Luke both concur on the Sermon on the Mount and the declaration of the Beatitudes, and are in virtual unison as they enunciate the Golden Rule. Mark joins them with the view that a Kingdom divided is in big trouble, and the three books are almost identical in their retelling of the walk on water, the mustard seed parable and the crucifixion details. Description of the virgin birth and its accompanying details are prominent in the first three books, but seem to be purposely omitted from the fourth. John makes no mention of the Lord’s Prayer, and the casting out of demons is nowhere to be found in the fourth book.
The book of John stands apart from the other gospels. Not only does it omit any information about Jesus’ birth, it leaves out any details of his early life. More interesting than what it omits, is the list of events that it describes that are not to be found anywhere in Scripture. Only in John do we find Jesus’ first miracle at Cana ,where he turned water into wine at the insistence of Mary, (“Woman, my time has not yet come”, John 4) In John we learn of Lazarus’ resurrection, Nicodemus’s visit with Jesus and the first cleansing of the temple. John describes three trips to Jerusalem, while the synoptics mention only one. And the long farewell message to his disciples (John 1-17) is nowhere to be found in the synoptic books
However, it is more than specific content that distinguishes John .It is from a literary perspective that John differs from the synoptics in its approach. While both are written from a third person perspective, the synoptics are descriptive and reportive, while John has stepped back to give us a more reflective view that could only come from a place in time more removed from Matthew, Mark and Luke. The author of John has almost isolated himself from the events, and even though he appears to have been there when it all occurred, he has had a great deal of time to digest ad interpret the moments.
John is full of clever literary devices that are used to bring home the points the author wants to make. The misunderstood statement” is found throughout. Jesus’ words
are misunderstood and that gives him an opportunity to explain exactly what he means, as when Nicodemus asks “how can a man be born when he is old?” (John 5) Jesus can now clear up Nicodemus’ confusion…and ours. In John 4, the Samaritan woman misunderstands Jesus reference to living water and that allows him to explain carefully that the ‘water’ he gives will lead to eternal life. (a metaphor that seems unforced and natural in John)
Symbolism and double meanings abound in John (1, the temple/body references) and more importantly, the gospel is replete in long dialogues and conversations rather that proverbs or sayings that are found in the synoptics. (The Nicodemus conversation (John ), the farewell to the disciples (John 1-17), and the Bread of Life discourse (John 6). The theological historian, L. Goppelt described it this way “the Gospel of John passed on the words of Jesus predominantly in another genre than the synoptics; it did not do so in sayings, parables and controversial dialogues,, but in connected or dialogical discourses.”
Aside from style, the purpose of the books must be taken into account. John is clearly evangelical in nature, asking its audience to make an informed decision about Jesus. While Matthew seems to have been written for a specific constituency, and Mark and Luke were both designed for Greek or Roman readers, John has a more ambitious goal a universal audience.
Although John is rather complex, his main theme is clear Jesus is God. While the synoptic gospels describe his diviness, it is John that proclaims that Jesus can forgive and therefore is God.
The declaration of Jesus as God is central to the Gospel of John. In the Prologue of the book, Jesus is referred to as ”the one and only”…. not like other people; he is the divine Son of God and therefore IS God. In 818 he again makes it clear that Jesus is God, and in 14-8 Jesus says, ”anyone who has seen me has seen the Father.” He is saying, according to John, that he speaks and acts for God because he is God and God is in him. He is claiming that the Father and the Son equally have all the qualities of a deity, therefore he is claiming to be God. Again in 100 we hear Jesus declare (according to John) “I and the Father are one.”
This is the thrust of John.
It has been said that the Gospel of John is like a pool of water, shallow enough at the edges for a child to wade, but deep enough in the center that an elephant could swim. This seems appropriate since, unlike the synoptics, there is a depth to this book that has kept scholars busy for lifetimes.
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Wednesday, April 25, 2012
anna's essay
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Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is essentially a story of a human playing the role of a creator, who attempts to successfully craft a mortal which consequently results in a monster, or as some contemplate a daemon. The novel depicts the significant theme of human vs. monster, and the monster being Victor Frankenstein’s creation. Due to isolation and neglect, the monster begins to destroy human life. Similarly, in the movie The Matrix, it is apparent that the theme of human vs. machine is present. The Matrix naturally adopts the perspective of the humans they are the victims, the slaves � cruelly exploited by the machines. Each human floats in his or her own personal vat, a womblike environment, while the machines feed in essential nutrients, in exchange for the energy they need. In addition, some may argue, that Frankenstein and The Matrix share similar conflicts. In the novel, Frankenstein, humans are corrupted by the monster, and in The Matrix humans are corrupted by machines which can somewhat be classified as monsters.
From another perspective, Frankenstein and the Matrix are very similar because the protagonists of both are seeking knowledge. Victor’s creation, the monster wants to gain knowledge of humanity, such as what is family, and what is love. Although Neo doesn’t possess the same questions of life, he is still looking for answers. For all intents and purposes, Neo wants to discover what is the Matrix?Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is essentially a story of a human playing the role of a creator, who attempts to successfully craft a mortal which consequently results in a monster, or as some contemplate a daemon. The novel depicts the significant theme of human vs. monster, and the monster being Victor Frankenstein’s creation. Due to isolation and neglect, the monster begins to destroy human life. Similarly, in the movie The Matrix, it is apparent that the theme of human vs. machine is present. The Matrix naturally adopts the perspective of the humans they are the victims, the slaves � cruelly exploited by the machines. Each human floats in his or her own personal vat, a womblike environment, while the machines feed in essential nutrients, in exchange for the energy they need. In addition, some may argue, that Frankenstein and The Matrix share similar conflicts. In the novel, Frankenstein, humans are corrupted by the monster, and in The Matrix humans are corrupted by machines which can somewhat be classified as monsters.
From another perspective, Frankenstein and the Matrix are very similar because the protagonists of both are seeking knowledge. Victor’s creation, the monster wants to gain knowledge of humanity, such as what is family, and what is love. Although Neo doesn’t possess the same questions of life, he is still looking for answers. For all intents and purposes, Neo wants to discover what is the Matrix?
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Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is essentially a story of a human playing the role of a creator, who attempts to successfully craft a mortal which consequently results in a monster, or as some contemplate a daemon. The novel depicts the significant theme of human vs. monster, and the monster being Victor Frankenstein’s creation. Due to isolation and neglect, the monster begins to destroy human life. Similarly, in the movie The Matrix, it is apparent that the theme of human vs. machine is present. The Matrix naturally adopts the perspective of the humans they are the victims, the slaves � cruelly exploited by the machines. Each human floats in his or her own personal vat, a womblike environment, while the machines feed in essential nutrients, in exchange for the energy they need. In addition, some may argue, that Frankenstein and The Matrix share similar conflicts. In the novel, Frankenstein, humans are corrupted by the monster, and in The Matrix humans are corrupted by machines which can somewhat be classified as monsters.
From another perspective, Frankenstein and the Matrix are very similar because the protagonists of both are seeking knowledge. Victor’s creation, the monster wants to gain knowledge of humanity, such as what is family, and what is love. Although Neo doesn’t possess the same questions of life, he is still looking for answers. For all intents and purposes, Neo wants to discover what is the Matrix?Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is essentially a story of a human playing the role of a creator, who attempts to successfully craft a mortal which consequently results in a monster, or as some contemplate a daemon. The novel depicts the significant theme of human vs. monster, and the monster being Victor Frankenstein’s creation. Due to isolation and neglect, the monster begins to destroy human life. Similarly, in the movie The Matrix, it is apparent that the theme of human vs. machine is present. The Matrix naturally adopts the perspective of the humans they are the victims, the slaves � cruelly exploited by the machines. Each human floats in his or her own personal vat, a womblike environment, while the machines feed in essential nutrients, in exchange for the energy they need. In addition, some may argue, that Frankenstein and The Matrix share similar conflicts. In the novel, Frankenstein, humans are corrupted by the monster, and in The Matrix humans are corrupted by machines which can somewhat be classified as monsters.
From another perspective, Frankenstein and the Matrix are very similar because the protagonists of both are seeking knowledge. Victor’s creation, the monster wants to gain knowledge of humanity, such as what is family, and what is love. Although Neo doesn’t possess the same questions of life, he is still looking for answers. For all intents and purposes, Neo wants to discover what is the Matrix?
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In Cold Blood
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Using detail and syntax, Truman Capote [paints a clear picture of how he views Holcomb, Kansas in the novel In Cold Blood. To Capote, this “haphazard hamlet” is mundane, arid, and “out there.”
Capote’s attention to detail helps the reader to fully comprehend his views of Holcomb, Kansas. Capote describes the town using various categories the routine setting of the Old West, the plainness of the town, and how the towns two � hundred seventy inhabitants reflect their environment. Regarding detail, Capote places an emphasis on contrast between the beginning and the end of the excerpt.
Holcomb, Kansas is said to be far more west than the Middle West. Holcomb has a countryside atmosphere, with “hard blue skies and desert-clear air.” Capote paints a portrait of Holcomb as if the tumbleweeds roll by the expressionless town every half hour. Here in Holcomb, cattle and horses graze on the “flat, dry land.” No passenger trains stop in Holcomb, for there is not much to see in this humdrum town. The streets are “unnamed, unshaded, and unpaved.” This uneventful town consists of a useless congregation of buildings, some of which are dilapidated apartments with peeling paint and abandoned old buildings with broken down signs and advertisements. There are only two filling stations in Holcomb, which double as a grocery store, as well as, a caf�. Holcomb is characterized as a classic ranch town, and the residents of Holcomb reflect this idea. If you were to walk through the streets of Holcomb, you would see men dressed in the fashions of a typical cowboy, with high heeled boots with pointed toes, tapered frontier trousers, and Stetsons. The women of the town also wear cowboy boots, along with denim jeans, and rawhide jackets.
The beginning paragraphs of Capote’s excerpt of In Cold Blood contrast with the ending paragraph. One may come to think that the people of Holcomb are not very well off, because they live in a desolate, broken down town. However, towards the end of the excerpt we come to see that the people of Holcomb have made use of the fertile farming land and resources available to them to become prosperous people. They have established schools for children, transportation to schools, and have staffed the schools with teachers. The residents of Holcomb are successful people, content with living ordinary and simple lives.
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Mind that the sample papers like In Cold Blood presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Using detail and syntax, Truman Capote [paints a clear picture of how he views Holcomb, Kansas in the novel In Cold Blood. To Capote, this “haphazard hamlet” is mundane, arid, and “out there.”
Capote’s attention to detail helps the reader to fully comprehend his views of Holcomb, Kansas. Capote describes the town using various categories the routine setting of the Old West, the plainness of the town, and how the towns two � hundred seventy inhabitants reflect their environment. Regarding detail, Capote places an emphasis on contrast between the beginning and the end of the excerpt.
Holcomb, Kansas is said to be far more west than the Middle West. Holcomb has a countryside atmosphere, with “hard blue skies and desert-clear air.” Capote paints a portrait of Holcomb as if the tumbleweeds roll by the expressionless town every half hour. Here in Holcomb, cattle and horses graze on the “flat, dry land.” No passenger trains stop in Holcomb, for there is not much to see in this humdrum town. The streets are “unnamed, unshaded, and unpaved.” This uneventful town consists of a useless congregation of buildings, some of which are dilapidated apartments with peeling paint and abandoned old buildings with broken down signs and advertisements. There are only two filling stations in Holcomb, which double as a grocery store, as well as, a caf�. Holcomb is characterized as a classic ranch town, and the residents of Holcomb reflect this idea. If you were to walk through the streets of Holcomb, you would see men dressed in the fashions of a typical cowboy, with high heeled boots with pointed toes, tapered frontier trousers, and Stetsons. The women of the town also wear cowboy boots, along with denim jeans, and rawhide jackets.
The beginning paragraphs of Capote’s excerpt of In Cold Blood contrast with the ending paragraph. One may come to think that the people of Holcomb are not very well off, because they live in a desolate, broken down town. However, towards the end of the excerpt we come to see that the people of Holcomb have made use of the fertile farming land and resources available to them to become prosperous people. They have established schools for children, transportation to schools, and have staffed the schools with teachers. The residents of Holcomb are successful people, content with living ordinary and simple lives.
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Mind that the sample papers like In Cold Blood presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, April 24, 2012
The Use of Force
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“The Use of Force” is a house call for the doctor to come and check their sick daughter. The doctor has never met this family, it’s a poor family house, but clean with benevolent folks. The doctor visits the house, the mother takes the doctor into the kitchen saying “We have her in the kitchen where it is warm. It is very damp here sometimes”( 1), Showing great love for the girl. The doctor sees the sick girl named Mathilda sitting on her dad’s lap. Astonished at the beauty of the sick girl, he begins to examine the girl.
The parents tell him, she might have diphtheria, they say it’s been going around the school. The doctor asks in a nice big smile to open your mouth to Mathilda. Mathilda doesn’t do anything except a stare with a face of any expressions. He then moves his seat closer to her. She attacked him with both her hands toward his eyes. “She knocked my glasses flying and they fell, unbroken though, several feet away from me on the kitchen floor,” obviously this tells the reader that Mathilda doesn’t like the doctor or she doesn’t want to be examined. The doctor gets mad, and he knows what he has to do.
He tells the parents that he won’t do what he has to do unless he gets permission from them. He knows that if he doesn’t use the force she will die of diphtheria, and if he hurts her without permission by using force he can be sued for malpractice. He tells the parents to hold her tight while he tries to check her throat. He tries to put the wooden tongue depressor into her mouth but she kept closing her mouth. At one point she breaks the wooden tongue depressor “she reduced it to splinters before I could get it out again.” In a sense, he enjoys forcing and injuring the girl, “It was a pleasure to attack her” (16). The girl, however, wont open her mouth. She fights him off and all attempts to cajole her into compliance fail.
The attempt at an examination rapidly escalated into a physical battle as the doctor, convinced that it is crucial to see the childs throat and feeling that I must get a diagnosis now or never,(15) becomes ever more enraged and forceful while the girl continues to resist with all her strength. After a long time of struggling, he finally gets to examine her throat, and in fact she does have diphtheria. She was hiding this from her parents, maybe because she knew the outcome of it, that it would be just like this, “ She had been hiding that sore throat for three days at least and lying to her parents in order to escape just such an outcome as this” (16).
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“The Use of Force” is a house call for the doctor to come and check their sick daughter. The doctor has never met this family, it’s a poor family house, but clean with benevolent folks. The doctor visits the house, the mother takes the doctor into the kitchen saying “We have her in the kitchen where it is warm. It is very damp here sometimes”( 1), Showing great love for the girl. The doctor sees the sick girl named Mathilda sitting on her dad’s lap. Astonished at the beauty of the sick girl, he begins to examine the girl.
The parents tell him, she might have diphtheria, they say it’s been going around the school. The doctor asks in a nice big smile to open your mouth to Mathilda. Mathilda doesn’t do anything except a stare with a face of any expressions. He then moves his seat closer to her. She attacked him with both her hands toward his eyes. “She knocked my glasses flying and they fell, unbroken though, several feet away from me on the kitchen floor,” obviously this tells the reader that Mathilda doesn’t like the doctor or she doesn’t want to be examined. The doctor gets mad, and he knows what he has to do.
He tells the parents that he won’t do what he has to do unless he gets permission from them. He knows that if he doesn’t use the force she will die of diphtheria, and if he hurts her without permission by using force he can be sued for malpractice. He tells the parents to hold her tight while he tries to check her throat. He tries to put the wooden tongue depressor into her mouth but she kept closing her mouth. At one point she breaks the wooden tongue depressor “she reduced it to splinters before I could get it out again.” In a sense, he enjoys forcing and injuring the girl, “It was a pleasure to attack her” (16). The girl, however, wont open her mouth. She fights him off and all attempts to cajole her into compliance fail.
The attempt at an examination rapidly escalated into a physical battle as the doctor, convinced that it is crucial to see the childs throat and feeling that I must get a diagnosis now or never,(15) becomes ever more enraged and forceful while the girl continues to resist with all her strength. After a long time of struggling, he finally gets to examine her throat, and in fact she does have diphtheria. She was hiding this from her parents, maybe because she knew the outcome of it, that it would be just like this, “ She had been hiding that sore throat for three days at least and lying to her parents in order to escape just such an outcome as this” (16).
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Mind that the sample papers like The Use of Force presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
How Ironic is That?
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Regina Marshall
Ankney, English 11
September , 00
Fiction Paper #1
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How Ironic Is That?
Everyday Ironies and Literature
Flipping from channel to channel, talk shows dominate the line-up during daytime television programming. Stopping to listen, another Susie May takes her place on stage, eyes glazed over, preparing to tell the audience her story and inform her lover of some affair or scandal. Unaware of the heart-breaking situation, a clueless John sits in a back room awaiting his entrance to the stage. Ironically, John prepares to inform Susie May that he has been pursuing an affair with her best friend all along. Forms of irony can be found everywhere we look. Irony, as defined by Michael Meyer, is “a device that reveals a reality different from what appears to be true” (Meyer 85). In the talk show industry, the producers look for the most controversial and unexpected love triangles to spice up an otherwise ordinary show. In the same way, authors use dramatic, situational, and verbal irony to create a much more interesting plot for their readers.
According to Meyer, “dramatic irony creates a discrepancy between what a character believes or says and what the reader understands to be true” (86). In a talk show, this form of irony appears when Susie May tries to explain how classy and respectable she is while using fowl language and inappropriate gestures. In “Who’s Irish?”, irony appears as a Chinese grandmother struggles to tame the rebellious nature of her half-Irish, half-Chinese granddaughter. Throughout the story, the grandmother describes actions she takes to keep control of her granddaughter’s “Irish” tendencies. While attempting to lure her granddaughter out of a hole, she says
I poke some more, even harder, so that I am poking and poking when my daughter and John suddenly appear.
What are you doing? What is going on? Say my daughter.
Put down that stick! say my daughter. You are crazy! say my daughter. (184)
While the grandmother conveys the necessity to poke her granddaughter harder and harder, her abusive tendencies become apparent through the reaction of the girl’s mother. As the grandmother narrates the events in “Who’s Irish?”, she slants the truth in her favor, dramatic irony at its finest.
As Meyer continues to define irony, he states that “situational irony exists when there is an incongruity between what is expected to happen and what actually happens” (85). This is probably the most controversial use of irony in talk shows today. Producers create an environment where Susie May is ready to tell John of her affair, when in fact he is there to tell her of his affair. However, in literature, situational irony can be much subtler. In “Class,” Sherman Alexie describes a Native American man who spends his time attempting to revisit his roots by pursuing activities with people of similar ethnicity. In a desperate attempt to experience sexual activities with another Native American, he orders an indigenous prostitute who turns out to be as white as his Caucasian wife. When the prostitute comments on his ethnicity, he only admits to being “mostly” Indian (64). Though this might not be considered the most blatant use of situational irony, the man’s hesitance to claim full status as a Native American proves to be the opposite response of someone who would seek to be recognized as an Indian. In spite of the fact that it is already established that the main character is completely Native American, Alexie chooses to have him falsify his answer to create a situation where he refuses the identity he so desperately craves.
Another form of irony, verbal irony, happens when a person says one thing but means the total opposite (85). Revisiting the talk show, verbal irony could be compared to Susie May telling John that she hates him while hugging and kissing him as they make up after an emotional bout. However, Kate Chopin’s “Story of an Hour” presents a much more dreary use of verbal irony. In this narrative, a woman rejoices over the news of her husband’s death, feeling freed from under his oppression. Surprisingly, the husband arrives at the front door, provoking a fatal heart attack in his wife. The last line of the story reads, “when the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease�of joy that kills (14). Evidently, the wife died from the despair of knowing her husband was still alive, not from jubilance. To avoid confusion, Chopin uses verbal irony to reaffirm any doubt that the wife might have been happy to see her husband.
Dramatic, situational, and verbal irony can be the little bit that causes a reader to think, the subtle detail that helps develop a story, or the extra spice that completes a story. In “Who’s Irish?”, the narration of the grandmother leads the reader to think she is caring and considerate, while the reactions of those around her prove she is nothing of the sort. “Class” uses situational irony to help develop the character’s personality by highlighting his indecisive behavior. In “Story of an Hour,” the last, ironic line in the work helps to add a little bit of clarification to the plot while emphasizing its twisted ending. Whether found on the pixels of a television screen or on the ink-pressed pages of a piece of literature, irony helps to flavor what would normally be considered just another story.
Works Cited
Meyer, Michael. The Bedford Introduction To Literature. 6th Edition. Boston, MA 00. pp. 1-86.
Mind that the sample papers like How Ironic is That? presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Regina Marshall
Ankney, English 11
September , 00
Fiction Paper #1
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How Ironic Is That?
Everyday Ironies and Literature
Flipping from channel to channel, talk shows dominate the line-up during daytime television programming. Stopping to listen, another Susie May takes her place on stage, eyes glazed over, preparing to tell the audience her story and inform her lover of some affair or scandal. Unaware of the heart-breaking situation, a clueless John sits in a back room awaiting his entrance to the stage. Ironically, John prepares to inform Susie May that he has been pursuing an affair with her best friend all along. Forms of irony can be found everywhere we look. Irony, as defined by Michael Meyer, is “a device that reveals a reality different from what appears to be true” (Meyer 85). In the talk show industry, the producers look for the most controversial and unexpected love triangles to spice up an otherwise ordinary show. In the same way, authors use dramatic, situational, and verbal irony to create a much more interesting plot for their readers.
According to Meyer, “dramatic irony creates a discrepancy between what a character believes or says and what the reader understands to be true” (86). In a talk show, this form of irony appears when Susie May tries to explain how classy and respectable she is while using fowl language and inappropriate gestures. In “Who’s Irish?”, irony appears as a Chinese grandmother struggles to tame the rebellious nature of her half-Irish, half-Chinese granddaughter. Throughout the story, the grandmother describes actions she takes to keep control of her granddaughter’s “Irish” tendencies. While attempting to lure her granddaughter out of a hole, she says
I poke some more, even harder, so that I am poking and poking when my daughter and John suddenly appear.
What are you doing? What is going on? Say my daughter.
Put down that stick! say my daughter. You are crazy! say my daughter. (184)
While the grandmother conveys the necessity to poke her granddaughter harder and harder, her abusive tendencies become apparent through the reaction of the girl’s mother. As the grandmother narrates the events in “Who’s Irish?”, she slants the truth in her favor, dramatic irony at its finest.
As Meyer continues to define irony, he states that “situational irony exists when there is an incongruity between what is expected to happen and what actually happens” (85). This is probably the most controversial use of irony in talk shows today. Producers create an environment where Susie May is ready to tell John of her affair, when in fact he is there to tell her of his affair. However, in literature, situational irony can be much subtler. In “Class,” Sherman Alexie describes a Native American man who spends his time attempting to revisit his roots by pursuing activities with people of similar ethnicity. In a desperate attempt to experience sexual activities with another Native American, he orders an indigenous prostitute who turns out to be as white as his Caucasian wife. When the prostitute comments on his ethnicity, he only admits to being “mostly” Indian (64). Though this might not be considered the most blatant use of situational irony, the man’s hesitance to claim full status as a Native American proves to be the opposite response of someone who would seek to be recognized as an Indian. In spite of the fact that it is already established that the main character is completely Native American, Alexie chooses to have him falsify his answer to create a situation where he refuses the identity he so desperately craves.
Another form of irony, verbal irony, happens when a person says one thing but means the total opposite (85). Revisiting the talk show, verbal irony could be compared to Susie May telling John that she hates him while hugging and kissing him as they make up after an emotional bout. However, Kate Chopin’s “Story of an Hour” presents a much more dreary use of verbal irony. In this narrative, a woman rejoices over the news of her husband’s death, feeling freed from under his oppression. Surprisingly, the husband arrives at the front door, provoking a fatal heart attack in his wife. The last line of the story reads, “when the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease�of joy that kills (14). Evidently, the wife died from the despair of knowing her husband was still alive, not from jubilance. To avoid confusion, Chopin uses verbal irony to reaffirm any doubt that the wife might have been happy to see her husband.
Dramatic, situational, and verbal irony can be the little bit that causes a reader to think, the subtle detail that helps develop a story, or the extra spice that completes a story. In “Who’s Irish?”, the narration of the grandmother leads the reader to think she is caring and considerate, while the reactions of those around her prove she is nothing of the sort. “Class” uses situational irony to help develop the character’s personality by highlighting his indecisive behavior. In “Story of an Hour,” the last, ironic line in the work helps to add a little bit of clarification to the plot while emphasizing its twisted ending. Whether found on the pixels of a television screen or on the ink-pressed pages of a piece of literature, irony helps to flavor what would normally be considered just another story.
Works Cited
Meyer, Michael. The Bedford Introduction To Literature. 6th Edition. Boston, MA 00. pp. 1-86.
Mind that the sample papers like How Ironic is That? presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Monday, April 23, 2012
Educational Research
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Educational research is essential for the development and change of the learning process. As society and its needs continually change, so too do the needs of educators and students. Improvements are required to keep up with these vital changes. Qualitative research plays an important role in recognising and rendering the necessary amendments. In particular, two forms of this research can be analysed in terms of the contribution they make to the educational process. They are Action Research and Ethnography. To fully understand these approaches, each one must firstly be defined and can then be reviewed by examining the assumptions that are made when each type of research takes place. These are assumptions about the process and outcomes of the approaches. Lastly, each type will be related to an authentic learning situation to understand the contributions that can be made to improve education.
How can action research be defined?
Firstly, to unravel the principles behind action research, Cohen and Manion (14) have collated a series of definitions to assist in the conception of the approach. It can be defined as the link between theory and practice. It is not just performing the research but attempting to use the results to make a significant contribution and change to education as a whole. Hopkins (in Cohen et.al. 14) suggests that it attempts to understand, improve and reform practice by contributing to educational theories. By doing this, changes to practice should occur by influencing other researchers and educators. It not only attempts to improve classroom practice but also influence society on a wider scale as Kemmis (in Cohen et.al. 14) suggests. The role of the researcher does not just cease when the data is collected and recorded, it continues as the process of reviewing, evaluating and improving practice also persists according to Bell (187). The research has, or should have, a lasting effect on education and society, assisting those who attempt to research similar areas or problems in the future.
Teachers tend to strive to improve instructional strategies and methods naturally by reflecting on lessons and evaluating the outcomes. Kemmis and McTaggart (in Cohen et.al. 14) believe that action research is similar in process but is more thought out, structured and in depth that what is done at this level. This evaluation allows problem areas in education to be focused upon and consequently changed, hopefully improving the situation. Grundy (in Cohen et.al. 14, p.1) supports this by stating that it is ‘designed to render an existing situation more efficient and effective.’ The evaluation process allows for a constant improvement to education and its theories by always seeking to change those aspects needing reflection. No process, teaching method or strategy is flawless. Improvements will continually need to be made as society and values change.
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Cohen et.al. (14) characterise action research in a number of ways. They believe that it seeks to improve the quality of human actions, contribute to a theory of education, understand the process of change in society as it reflects on education, and be collaborative. The latter refers to the way in which the research takes place. It involves a number of researchers working together with each party having equal rights of participation, decisions, shared responsibility and ownership. These characteristics assist in the development of an understanding about action research and help to illustrate the assumptions that are always made when this type of research approach is chosen.
What assumptions are made about action research?
When considering these characteristics of action research, one can draw assumptions as to how this research method can be best utilised in education. These are assumptions upon which the approach is based. They regard what is believed about the way the research takes place, the environment in which it occurs and the outcomes and the effects it has in the context of learning. As well as the assumptions previously mentioned, some others are that action research will increase feelings of self worth and confidence of teachers, improve classroom awareness and broaden their views on education according to Noffke and Zeichner (in Cohen et. al.14). Although these assumptions are made to this approach overall, it can be noticed that these principles or characteristics are not always evident and are subject to change depending of the situation in which the research takes place. All research outcomes are different and many are unintended so when examining these assumptions of action research it should be remembered that they are not always existent in the results.
An assumption behind action research is that it seeks to improve the quality of human actions on a large scale. For example, by sharing the results of a study about how students work in a group environment, it will assist teachers who are considering the use of this type of approach in their classroom. The teacher can look at the research and make appropriate changes to improve this setting thus giving the students the best opportunity to achieve their potential. Through a wider view, this example can also attempt to relate the group work in the classroom to a group setting in the work place. The students who have gained from the teacher’s exploration of research in this area, will be able to relate the properties of group work to the work place gaining their full potential out of this situation also. The results will have an effect in some way on not only the researchers and participants but on education as a whole according to Cohen et.al. (14). They believe that by changing educational approaches, improvements are made with all involved learning from the consequences of change. Ultimately, action research will have effects on the role, skills and attitudes of teachers that, in turn, affect the students. Changes to the practices and theories of education will also be made, along with the ‘social relationships and forms of organization which characterise and constrain our practices’ (Cohen et.al. 14, p.0).
As briefly discussed, an assumption is made that the process of action research is collaborative and systematic in collecting evidence. This approach supposes that there is more than one researcher and more than likely a team of researchers working together on different aspects of the study. It is intended that the views and perceptions of all involved are taken into account and will contribute to understanding the situation (Winter in Cohen et.al. 14). It is a group project that should include each member equally in the process of planning, procedure and research recognising the efforts and contributions made by all. Cohen et. al. (14) refer to Lewin (148) who believes that collaboration in action research is a commitment to group decision-making and should be a group activity, not an individualistic effort. This is not always the way that action research takes place.
When looking at a study undertaken by Oliver and Omari (001), it can be noticed that a team of lecturers worked together to research collaborative learning in a web-based environment. Within this study, the results concluded that while a collaborative setting was appreciated it was hard to work in a group, as the work was not shared evenly. When looking at action research that may be conducted by those lacking experience, there may be problems with collaboration. This may be due to personality where one person conducts most of the work and contributes more than others, or due to time whereby some researchers may not be able to offer as much time and effort to the study as others. In light of this, it may be summated that successful collaboration may not always occur in action research as it is intended.
How can action research be used in my work place?
As an educator I am able to offer some suggestions as to how action research can be used in my workplace, a school or classroom, to attempt to link theory with the practice. There are a number of uses for action research in education and more comprehensively in the classroom. It can be used to recognise certain behaviours, improve the learning environment, or look at perceptions and attitudes of teachers or students thus attempting to make a contribution to education within the school, district or society as a whole. One area in particular that can be considered in light of action research is achievement in the Higher School Certificate.
This research could help to improve scores and attitudes of the students and teachers at my particular school or help other schools that would consider this research. On a wider scale, this research could assist in improving the education of these students by assisting them, giving a better chance in the real world, improving senior education as a whole whereby the community and society will benefit. By using action research to explore this problem, research and practice can be linked. The overall scores at Oak Flats High School are relatively low for year twelve students. If a group of teachers were to study the reasons and attitudes behind this, changes could be made to improve the following years. Not only this but other schools could also benefit from the results of the study and use them to make improvements to their own implementations of the curriculum. Through exploration of the problems, the research team could discover what it is that is affecting the scores through observations and surveys and attempt to collaborate all sources of data. Teachers would need to evaluate and reflect on teaching strategies and make a significant contribution to the lives of the students. It would be important for the teachers to keep in mind the constant change in society and its affect on education. By trying to improve these scores teachers and researchers are helping students have better chance in real world, improving human quality.
How can ethnography be defined?
Ethnography is another form of qualitative research that looks closely at the actions of people within an environment. It is ‘the art and science of describing a group or culture.’ (Fetterman, 18, p.1) By studying either a small group or a large population, one is able to understand more about a particular group of people or culture. Brewer (000) describes ethnography as a style of research that studies the activities of people and seeks to unravel the meaning behind why they act as they do in a given setting.
Ethnography is the study of people in naturally occurring
settings or ‘fields’ by means of methods which
capture their social meanings and ordinary activities,
involving the researcher participating directly in the setting,
if not also the activities, in order to collect data in a
systematic manner but without meaning being
imposed on them externally. (Brewer, 000, p.10)
To completely understand the environment in which the research is taking place, the researcher must share this setting and experiences with the participants over a long period of time. It depends heavily on the observations of the researcher in the study and involves an intimate familiarity with the social setting, working closely with the participants according to Brewer (000). It is the participants who are the experts and it is their meanings and interpretations that count. The researchers must learn their customs and try to get inside their minds to fully understand the reasons behind the actions without disturbing the natural process (Woods, 186).
In ethnography, the researcher begins with a certain area of interest or problem that they wish to further understand. Burns (14) believes that it is more about developing an underlying theory about why natural behaviours occur in the particular setting, with less emphasis on testing a theory. The most important features are the questions and problems that are asked. ‘Often the primary research goal is to discover those questions which will emerge along with the concepts and theoretical framework as the study proceeds.’ (Burns, 14, p.6)
According to Hammersley (1), ethnographic research is comprised of a number of features that categorise it as the qualitative kind. The behaviour of the participants is studied in the everyday contexts in which it naturally occurs. Multiple techniques are used to collect the information but observation is the primary means. The data is collected over a period of time, when it suits the participants or when it is naturally ready. Multiple perspectives are considered so that a more accurate interpretation of the group and setting is made. A single setting is usually focused on to concentrate more closely on the small aspects and how they contribute to the whole (Brewer, 000). Although these are characteristics of ethnography, they can also been seen as assumptions that are made about how the research will take place and may not always be followed by the researcher.
What assumptions are made about ethnography?
When ethnographic research takes place, there are assumptions made as to how it should be performed to produce a valid and reliable study. These include the use of multiple perspectives and multiple techniques to show an understanding of human differences, objectivity of the researcher so that biased assumptions are not made, a naturalistic setting so that the actions are true indications of what normally occurs, and that holism is considered within the study.
Firstly, there is an assumption that multiple perspectives will be considered when observing and interviewing the participants. The researcher is expected to study a range of people, not just one or two, to fully understand the actions and behaviours within the environment. Everyone has a different account of what is occurring as well as previous experiences that will affect the feelings, actions and behaviours. The focus should be on how different people define an event through their actions and perceptions according to Burns (14). It is important that the researcher does not assume knowledge of the study by drawing on the information offered from one person in the group.
It is also assumed that a range of techniques for gathering the information of the study will be used. Burns (14, p.) states that ‘’fieldwork’, is not a homogenous method, but involves a variety of techniques of data collection.’ Although observation is the principle form, there are several ways in which it can occur. This depends on the degree of participation the researcher feels necessary to collate as much useful data as possible. ‘The implicit assumption behind observation is that behaviour is purposive and expressive of deeper values and beliefs.’ (Burns,14, p.411) Observation is advantageous as it allows behaviours and actions to be recorded as they are occurring, allowing for a more accurate description of what has happened. Also interviews, questionnaires and surveys may be used to back up the assumptions drawn from observations. For example, the researcher may observe that a student enjoys reading but an interview may reveal otherwise. So, to get the best results and most accurate information from the study, it is assumed that the researcher will use a variety of data collection techniques.
Another assumption to be made about ethnography is objectivity, i.e. when a researcher performs a study he or she will be as objective as possible about what is observed and what is discovered. In qualitative research there are problems with prejudices and attitudes of the researcher getting in the way. According to Fetterman (18), the ability to keep an open mind about the participants and context in which they are working is a characteristic of ethnographic researchers. This is an assumption that all researchers of this kind are able to do this. Objectivity is a hard trait to possess when working in a situation that may not be familiar to the background of the researcher. For example, the researcher may have a different religious background to the group being studied and may find it hard to relate or understand the reasoning behind the actions and behaviours observed. Fetterman (18, p.1) recognises that researchers will begin with ‘biases and preconceived notions about how people behave and what they think,’ but believes that they must try and rid themselves of any presumptions they may have before entering the study. This is so the results are not recorded in a subjective way and also so that the participants are not swayed by the views of the researcher.
Yet another assumption about ethnography is that it studies only what is naturally occurring behaviour. The reasoning behind this type of research is that ‘the things people say and do depend on the social context in which they find themselves.’ (Burns, 14, p.7) Firstly, the researcher has to be accepted to a certain degree by participants so that they will go about behaving naturally. If he or she is not accepted, accurate accounts of usual happenings will not be able to occur according to Bell (187). The accounts must be accurate to enable the researcher to make comparisons about behaviour patterns occurring in this particular setting with other similar settings, i.e. transferability. This is why ethnographic research is performed over a prolonged period of time so that the participants can become familiar with the researcher, so much so that they forget he or she is present.
Lastly, there is an assumption that the study will consider the context of the situation in light of the big picture. Burns (14) believes that people act differently depending on what is happening in the bigger picture. The actions of students in the classroom will depend not only on what is happening within the home but also within the country in which they live and to a larger extent, the world. For example, students whose parents are going through divorce will display different behaviours and actions to others at that particular moment. Also, students who are affected by war will have different values and attitudes to those who aren’t. It is assumed that ethnographic researchers will take the larger context into account when making observations and theorisations. Burns (14, p.4) states that ‘human behaviour always occurs within a context. A classroom never stands in isolation from larger cultural and social landscapes’. Holism and other assumptions are not always considered in all forms of ethnographic research but should be, to produce a more valid and reliable study that can be transferred and generalised.
How can ethnography be used in my work place?
Ethnography can be used to gain a better understanding of many situations in the classroom. In particular, I would find it useful for examining the attitudes and behaviours of students to casual teachers. Through non-participant observation the researcher would be able to observe a particular class over a period of time. The problem or area of interest relates to the way casual teachers are treated by students. They have the job of coming in on a day-to-day basis and keeping up with the education of students. If I were to research this, I would have the pre-conceived notion that casual teachers are not treated very well or seriously for that matter because I have experienced this myself. It would be hard not to take this bias into the study.
The researcher would have to make the decision as to whether one casual teacher would be observed with the class or a series of teachers. Observations could be made as to how different students reacted to the teacher, how the teacher dealt with problems and how much work was achieved over a period of time. Students and teachers could be surveyed about perceptions of casual teachers, what makes a good teacher and if the casual teachers in the study have these characteristics. Interviews could also reveal why or if they are treated differently and how can this be overcome. The researcher would have to make sure that they did not interfere in the setting and that the whole context of the situation was taken into account. For example, the students’ permanent teacher may have left because of illness and the students may be worried about this. This could affect their actions and the study. By performing an ethnographic study, the researcher is able to gain a deeper understanding of why certain actions occur and how situations can be improved.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bell, J. (187) Doing your research project A Guide for First-Time Researchers in Education and Social Science. Philadelphia Open University Press.
Brewer,J.D. (000) Ethnography. Buckingham Open University Press.
Burns, R.B. (14) Introduction to research methods (rd Ed.) Melbourne Longman Chesire.
Cohen,L. & Manion,L. (Eds.), (14) Research methods in education (4th Ed.) London Routledge.
Fetterman,D.M. (18) Ethnography Step by Step. (nd Ed.) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications.
Hammersley,M. (1) What’s wrong with ethnography? Methodological explorations. London Routledge.
Oliver,R. & Omari,A. (001) Student responses to collaborating and learning in a web-based environment. In Ed. Lewis,R. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning. 171. Mt. Lawley Blackwell Science Ltd. Pp.4-47.
Woods,P. (186) Inside Schools Ethnography in educational research. London Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Mind that the sample papers like Educational Research presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Educational research is essential for the development and change of the learning process. As society and its needs continually change, so too do the needs of educators and students. Improvements are required to keep up with these vital changes. Qualitative research plays an important role in recognising and rendering the necessary amendments. In particular, two forms of this research can be analysed in terms of the contribution they make to the educational process. They are Action Research and Ethnography. To fully understand these approaches, each one must firstly be defined and can then be reviewed by examining the assumptions that are made when each type of research takes place. These are assumptions about the process and outcomes of the approaches. Lastly, each type will be related to an authentic learning situation to understand the contributions that can be made to improve education.
How can action research be defined?
Firstly, to unravel the principles behind action research, Cohen and Manion (14) have collated a series of definitions to assist in the conception of the approach. It can be defined as the link between theory and practice. It is not just performing the research but attempting to use the results to make a significant contribution and change to education as a whole. Hopkins (in Cohen et.al. 14) suggests that it attempts to understand, improve and reform practice by contributing to educational theories. By doing this, changes to practice should occur by influencing other researchers and educators. It not only attempts to improve classroom practice but also influence society on a wider scale as Kemmis (in Cohen et.al. 14) suggests. The role of the researcher does not just cease when the data is collected and recorded, it continues as the process of reviewing, evaluating and improving practice also persists according to Bell (187). The research has, or should have, a lasting effect on education and society, assisting those who attempt to research similar areas or problems in the future.
Teachers tend to strive to improve instructional strategies and methods naturally by reflecting on lessons and evaluating the outcomes. Kemmis and McTaggart (in Cohen et.al. 14) believe that action research is similar in process but is more thought out, structured and in depth that what is done at this level. This evaluation allows problem areas in education to be focused upon and consequently changed, hopefully improving the situation. Grundy (in Cohen et.al. 14, p.1) supports this by stating that it is ‘designed to render an existing situation more efficient and effective.’ The evaluation process allows for a constant improvement to education and its theories by always seeking to change those aspects needing reflection. No process, teaching method or strategy is flawless. Improvements will continually need to be made as society and values change.
Do my coursework
Cohen et.al. (14) characterise action research in a number of ways. They believe that it seeks to improve the quality of human actions, contribute to a theory of education, understand the process of change in society as it reflects on education, and be collaborative. The latter refers to the way in which the research takes place. It involves a number of researchers working together with each party having equal rights of participation, decisions, shared responsibility and ownership. These characteristics assist in the development of an understanding about action research and help to illustrate the assumptions that are always made when this type of research approach is chosen.
What assumptions are made about action research?
When considering these characteristics of action research, one can draw assumptions as to how this research method can be best utilised in education. These are assumptions upon which the approach is based. They regard what is believed about the way the research takes place, the environment in which it occurs and the outcomes and the effects it has in the context of learning. As well as the assumptions previously mentioned, some others are that action research will increase feelings of self worth and confidence of teachers, improve classroom awareness and broaden their views on education according to Noffke and Zeichner (in Cohen et. al.14). Although these assumptions are made to this approach overall, it can be noticed that these principles or characteristics are not always evident and are subject to change depending of the situation in which the research takes place. All research outcomes are different and many are unintended so when examining these assumptions of action research it should be remembered that they are not always existent in the results.
An assumption behind action research is that it seeks to improve the quality of human actions on a large scale. For example, by sharing the results of a study about how students work in a group environment, it will assist teachers who are considering the use of this type of approach in their classroom. The teacher can look at the research and make appropriate changes to improve this setting thus giving the students the best opportunity to achieve their potential. Through a wider view, this example can also attempt to relate the group work in the classroom to a group setting in the work place. The students who have gained from the teacher’s exploration of research in this area, will be able to relate the properties of group work to the work place gaining their full potential out of this situation also. The results will have an effect in some way on not only the researchers and participants but on education as a whole according to Cohen et.al. (14). They believe that by changing educational approaches, improvements are made with all involved learning from the consequences of change. Ultimately, action research will have effects on the role, skills and attitudes of teachers that, in turn, affect the students. Changes to the practices and theories of education will also be made, along with the ‘social relationships and forms of organization which characterise and constrain our practices’ (Cohen et.al. 14, p.0).
As briefly discussed, an assumption is made that the process of action research is collaborative and systematic in collecting evidence. This approach supposes that there is more than one researcher and more than likely a team of researchers working together on different aspects of the study. It is intended that the views and perceptions of all involved are taken into account and will contribute to understanding the situation (Winter in Cohen et.al. 14). It is a group project that should include each member equally in the process of planning, procedure and research recognising the efforts and contributions made by all. Cohen et. al. (14) refer to Lewin (148) who believes that collaboration in action research is a commitment to group decision-making and should be a group activity, not an individualistic effort. This is not always the way that action research takes place.
When looking at a study undertaken by Oliver and Omari (001), it can be noticed that a team of lecturers worked together to research collaborative learning in a web-based environment. Within this study, the results concluded that while a collaborative setting was appreciated it was hard to work in a group, as the work was not shared evenly. When looking at action research that may be conducted by those lacking experience, there may be problems with collaboration. This may be due to personality where one person conducts most of the work and contributes more than others, or due to time whereby some researchers may not be able to offer as much time and effort to the study as others. In light of this, it may be summated that successful collaboration may not always occur in action research as it is intended.
How can action research be used in my work place?
As an educator I am able to offer some suggestions as to how action research can be used in my workplace, a school or classroom, to attempt to link theory with the practice. There are a number of uses for action research in education and more comprehensively in the classroom. It can be used to recognise certain behaviours, improve the learning environment, or look at perceptions and attitudes of teachers or students thus attempting to make a contribution to education within the school, district or society as a whole. One area in particular that can be considered in light of action research is achievement in the Higher School Certificate.
This research could help to improve scores and attitudes of the students and teachers at my particular school or help other schools that would consider this research. On a wider scale, this research could assist in improving the education of these students by assisting them, giving a better chance in the real world, improving senior education as a whole whereby the community and society will benefit. By using action research to explore this problem, research and practice can be linked. The overall scores at Oak Flats High School are relatively low for year twelve students. If a group of teachers were to study the reasons and attitudes behind this, changes could be made to improve the following years. Not only this but other schools could also benefit from the results of the study and use them to make improvements to their own implementations of the curriculum. Through exploration of the problems, the research team could discover what it is that is affecting the scores through observations and surveys and attempt to collaborate all sources of data. Teachers would need to evaluate and reflect on teaching strategies and make a significant contribution to the lives of the students. It would be important for the teachers to keep in mind the constant change in society and its affect on education. By trying to improve these scores teachers and researchers are helping students have better chance in real world, improving human quality.
How can ethnography be defined?
Ethnography is another form of qualitative research that looks closely at the actions of people within an environment. It is ‘the art and science of describing a group or culture.’ (Fetterman, 18, p.1) By studying either a small group or a large population, one is able to understand more about a particular group of people or culture. Brewer (000) describes ethnography as a style of research that studies the activities of people and seeks to unravel the meaning behind why they act as they do in a given setting.
Ethnography is the study of people in naturally occurring
settings or ‘fields’ by means of methods which
capture their social meanings and ordinary activities,
involving the researcher participating directly in the setting,
if not also the activities, in order to collect data in a
systematic manner but without meaning being
imposed on them externally. (Brewer, 000, p.10)
To completely understand the environment in which the research is taking place, the researcher must share this setting and experiences with the participants over a long period of time. It depends heavily on the observations of the researcher in the study and involves an intimate familiarity with the social setting, working closely with the participants according to Brewer (000). It is the participants who are the experts and it is their meanings and interpretations that count. The researchers must learn their customs and try to get inside their minds to fully understand the reasons behind the actions without disturbing the natural process (Woods, 186).
In ethnography, the researcher begins with a certain area of interest or problem that they wish to further understand. Burns (14) believes that it is more about developing an underlying theory about why natural behaviours occur in the particular setting, with less emphasis on testing a theory. The most important features are the questions and problems that are asked. ‘Often the primary research goal is to discover those questions which will emerge along with the concepts and theoretical framework as the study proceeds.’ (Burns, 14, p.6)
According to Hammersley (1), ethnographic research is comprised of a number of features that categorise it as the qualitative kind. The behaviour of the participants is studied in the everyday contexts in which it naturally occurs. Multiple techniques are used to collect the information but observation is the primary means. The data is collected over a period of time, when it suits the participants or when it is naturally ready. Multiple perspectives are considered so that a more accurate interpretation of the group and setting is made. A single setting is usually focused on to concentrate more closely on the small aspects and how they contribute to the whole (Brewer, 000). Although these are characteristics of ethnography, they can also been seen as assumptions that are made about how the research will take place and may not always be followed by the researcher.
What assumptions are made about ethnography?
When ethnographic research takes place, there are assumptions made as to how it should be performed to produce a valid and reliable study. These include the use of multiple perspectives and multiple techniques to show an understanding of human differences, objectivity of the researcher so that biased assumptions are not made, a naturalistic setting so that the actions are true indications of what normally occurs, and that holism is considered within the study.
Firstly, there is an assumption that multiple perspectives will be considered when observing and interviewing the participants. The researcher is expected to study a range of people, not just one or two, to fully understand the actions and behaviours within the environment. Everyone has a different account of what is occurring as well as previous experiences that will affect the feelings, actions and behaviours. The focus should be on how different people define an event through their actions and perceptions according to Burns (14). It is important that the researcher does not assume knowledge of the study by drawing on the information offered from one person in the group.
It is also assumed that a range of techniques for gathering the information of the study will be used. Burns (14, p.) states that ‘’fieldwork’, is not a homogenous method, but involves a variety of techniques of data collection.’ Although observation is the principle form, there are several ways in which it can occur. This depends on the degree of participation the researcher feels necessary to collate as much useful data as possible. ‘The implicit assumption behind observation is that behaviour is purposive and expressive of deeper values and beliefs.’ (Burns,14, p.411) Observation is advantageous as it allows behaviours and actions to be recorded as they are occurring, allowing for a more accurate description of what has happened. Also interviews, questionnaires and surveys may be used to back up the assumptions drawn from observations. For example, the researcher may observe that a student enjoys reading but an interview may reveal otherwise. So, to get the best results and most accurate information from the study, it is assumed that the researcher will use a variety of data collection techniques.
Another assumption to be made about ethnography is objectivity, i.e. when a researcher performs a study he or she will be as objective as possible about what is observed and what is discovered. In qualitative research there are problems with prejudices and attitudes of the researcher getting in the way. According to Fetterman (18), the ability to keep an open mind about the participants and context in which they are working is a characteristic of ethnographic researchers. This is an assumption that all researchers of this kind are able to do this. Objectivity is a hard trait to possess when working in a situation that may not be familiar to the background of the researcher. For example, the researcher may have a different religious background to the group being studied and may find it hard to relate or understand the reasoning behind the actions and behaviours observed. Fetterman (18, p.1) recognises that researchers will begin with ‘biases and preconceived notions about how people behave and what they think,’ but believes that they must try and rid themselves of any presumptions they may have before entering the study. This is so the results are not recorded in a subjective way and also so that the participants are not swayed by the views of the researcher.
Yet another assumption about ethnography is that it studies only what is naturally occurring behaviour. The reasoning behind this type of research is that ‘the things people say and do depend on the social context in which they find themselves.’ (Burns, 14, p.7) Firstly, the researcher has to be accepted to a certain degree by participants so that they will go about behaving naturally. If he or she is not accepted, accurate accounts of usual happenings will not be able to occur according to Bell (187). The accounts must be accurate to enable the researcher to make comparisons about behaviour patterns occurring in this particular setting with other similar settings, i.e. transferability. This is why ethnographic research is performed over a prolonged period of time so that the participants can become familiar with the researcher, so much so that they forget he or she is present.
Lastly, there is an assumption that the study will consider the context of the situation in light of the big picture. Burns (14) believes that people act differently depending on what is happening in the bigger picture. The actions of students in the classroom will depend not only on what is happening within the home but also within the country in which they live and to a larger extent, the world. For example, students whose parents are going through divorce will display different behaviours and actions to others at that particular moment. Also, students who are affected by war will have different values and attitudes to those who aren’t. It is assumed that ethnographic researchers will take the larger context into account when making observations and theorisations. Burns (14, p.4) states that ‘human behaviour always occurs within a context. A classroom never stands in isolation from larger cultural and social landscapes’. Holism and other assumptions are not always considered in all forms of ethnographic research but should be, to produce a more valid and reliable study that can be transferred and generalised.
How can ethnography be used in my work place?
Ethnography can be used to gain a better understanding of many situations in the classroom. In particular, I would find it useful for examining the attitudes and behaviours of students to casual teachers. Through non-participant observation the researcher would be able to observe a particular class over a period of time. The problem or area of interest relates to the way casual teachers are treated by students. They have the job of coming in on a day-to-day basis and keeping up with the education of students. If I were to research this, I would have the pre-conceived notion that casual teachers are not treated very well or seriously for that matter because I have experienced this myself. It would be hard not to take this bias into the study.
The researcher would have to make the decision as to whether one casual teacher would be observed with the class or a series of teachers. Observations could be made as to how different students reacted to the teacher, how the teacher dealt with problems and how much work was achieved over a period of time. Students and teachers could be surveyed about perceptions of casual teachers, what makes a good teacher and if the casual teachers in the study have these characteristics. Interviews could also reveal why or if they are treated differently and how can this be overcome. The researcher would have to make sure that they did not interfere in the setting and that the whole context of the situation was taken into account. For example, the students’ permanent teacher may have left because of illness and the students may be worried about this. This could affect their actions and the study. By performing an ethnographic study, the researcher is able to gain a deeper understanding of why certain actions occur and how situations can be improved.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bell, J. (187) Doing your research project A Guide for First-Time Researchers in Education and Social Science. Philadelphia Open University Press.
Brewer,J.D. (000) Ethnography. Buckingham Open University Press.
Burns, R.B. (14) Introduction to research methods (rd Ed.) Melbourne Longman Chesire.
Cohen,L. & Manion,L. (Eds.), (14) Research methods in education (4th Ed.) London Routledge.
Fetterman,D.M. (18) Ethnography Step by Step. (nd Ed.) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications.
Hammersley,M. (1) What’s wrong with ethnography? Methodological explorations. London Routledge.
Oliver,R. & Omari,A. (001) Student responses to collaborating and learning in a web-based environment. In Ed. Lewis,R. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning. 171. Mt. Lawley Blackwell Science Ltd. Pp.4-47.
Woods,P. (186) Inside Schools Ethnography in educational research. London Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Mind that the sample papers like Educational Research presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The Importance of Moral Values
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like The Importance of Moral Values even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like The Importance of Moral Values in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The Importance of Moral Values
Positive moral values are important because they allow you to have an overall feeling of peace and joy. Moral values can give meaning and purpose to your life. You are able to direct your behavior towards beneficial and fulfilling activities. When you live your life according to moral values that are based on honesty, compassion, courage, modesty, and forgiveness, then you can also form positive bonds with other people.
Incorporating the moral value of honesty in your life make you trustworthy. You will have a clear conscience because you can respect yourself. The people that you come into contact with will be able to count on you to be fair and sincere. Your integrity will allow you to advance in both your personal and professional life. There are more opportunities for you to fully experience life when you are an honest person.
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In addition to honesty, you also need to incorporate the moral value of compassion into your life. Compassion allows you to have sympathy for the misfortunes of other people. It also motivates you to want to give them any type of assistance that you can. Compassion results in your having feelings of mercy towards other people. When you have compassion as a moral value people are more likely to put their trust in you because you will be non-judgmental of their circumstances.
Thirdly, the moral value of courage gives you the determination to face anything that impedes your progress through life. You will also be able to overcome any obstacles because you won’t let fear hold you back. Others will feel confident relying on you for encouragement because you find solutions to whatever problems arise in your life. When courage is one of your moral values, you can bravely face the world.
In life it is essential to your survival to have modesty especially in respect to courage. Modesty allows you to realize what your limits are. It helps you to stay focused and keeps you from becoming overconfident and reckless. People will feel comfortable around you because you are humble and you don’t try to belittle them.
Lastly, it is also important to incorporate the moral value of forgiveness in your life. Forgiveness allows you to move past hurtful or damaging situations. It allows you to abandon feelings of anger or resentment against others or yourself. You can be emotionally healthy when you practice forgiveness because it keeps you from holding onto pain and resentment.
In conclusion, moral values are extremely important for your overall well-being. Moral values provide a structure for your life. Honesty makes you respectable. Compassion makes you sympathetic to others. Courage gives you the bravery to overcome life’s challenges. Modesty keeps you focused and humble. Forgiveness allows you to be emotionally stable because you don’t hold onto anger and resentment. These attributes will allow you to live your life in a way that reduces your stress levels. You
will also have peace and harmony in your life. Moral values allow you to live your life in a manner that you can be proud of. The bonds that you form with others will also be more fulfilling because you live your life according to honesty, compassion, courage, modesty and forgiveness.
Mind that the sample papers like The Importance of Moral Values presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The Importance of Moral Values
Positive moral values are important because they allow you to have an overall feeling of peace and joy. Moral values can give meaning and purpose to your life. You are able to direct your behavior towards beneficial and fulfilling activities. When you live your life according to moral values that are based on honesty, compassion, courage, modesty, and forgiveness, then you can also form positive bonds with other people.
Incorporating the moral value of honesty in your life make you trustworthy. You will have a clear conscience because you can respect yourself. The people that you come into contact with will be able to count on you to be fair and sincere. Your integrity will allow you to advance in both your personal and professional life. There are more opportunities for you to fully experience life when you are an honest person.
Write my paper for me!!!
In addition to honesty, you also need to incorporate the moral value of compassion into your life. Compassion allows you to have sympathy for the misfortunes of other people. It also motivates you to want to give them any type of assistance that you can. Compassion results in your having feelings of mercy towards other people. When you have compassion as a moral value people are more likely to put their trust in you because you will be non-judgmental of their circumstances.
Thirdly, the moral value of courage gives you the determination to face anything that impedes your progress through life. You will also be able to overcome any obstacles because you won’t let fear hold you back. Others will feel confident relying on you for encouragement because you find solutions to whatever problems arise in your life. When courage is one of your moral values, you can bravely face the world.
In life it is essential to your survival to have modesty especially in respect to courage. Modesty allows you to realize what your limits are. It helps you to stay focused and keeps you from becoming overconfident and reckless. People will feel comfortable around you because you are humble and you don’t try to belittle them.
Lastly, it is also important to incorporate the moral value of forgiveness in your life. Forgiveness allows you to move past hurtful or damaging situations. It allows you to abandon feelings of anger or resentment against others or yourself. You can be emotionally healthy when you practice forgiveness because it keeps you from holding onto pain and resentment.
In conclusion, moral values are extremely important for your overall well-being. Moral values provide a structure for your life. Honesty makes you respectable. Compassion makes you sympathetic to others. Courage gives you the bravery to overcome life’s challenges. Modesty keeps you focused and humble. Forgiveness allows you to be emotionally stable because you don’t hold onto anger and resentment. These attributes will allow you to live your life in a way that reduces your stress levels. You
will also have peace and harmony in your life. Moral values allow you to live your life in a manner that you can be proud of. The bonds that you form with others will also be more fulfilling because you live your life according to honesty, compassion, courage, modesty and forgiveness.
Mind that the sample papers like The Importance of Moral Values presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Sunday, April 22, 2012
communication
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like communication even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like communication in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Communication is an active and on-going process in business, education and etc. As we know it; it means interaction, verbal non-verbal or graphical, between groups of people. There are various methods of communication out of which some of the most important ones are Verbal, Non-Verbal and Graphical. These are the three kinds of communication most commonly used. In the following I will explain their kind and give a few examples.
Lets begin with Non-Verbal Communication; that is communication without words. It is one of the kind of communication that is very frequently use. To define this more accurately Verbal is a word that is derived from “Verb” which means word, hence Non-Verbal means without words. Non-Verbal communication is a type of communication that does not include words and is usually effective than written messages or spoken words, the main reason for this is that Non-Verbal communication is mostly through signs and body gestures, some examples can be the colors of a traffic light, police and ambulance sirens etc. you can notice from this that each of the examples given above are types of communication and they do not have the usage of spoken or written words but they transmit a messeage to the reciver clearly. Body language is also a part of Non-Verbal communication a very good example to explain this will be when referring to the quality of a book a person may say “ That book is great” but to give it a more effective and positive response he can say the same thing with the gesture or a thumbs up showing how much he enjoyed reading the book. Examples of Non-Verbal communication are gestures or body language, sign boards, telephone ring etc.
Coming to Verbal Communication and effective mode of communication that is frequently used like Non-Verbal, here as we have already understood the meaning of verbal as with words it is easy to relate to. Verbal communication is that where there is an existence of words spoken or written, there is although one more addition here; as we just read in the above paragraph that Non-Verbal communication is basically a mode of
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Mind that the sample papers like communication presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Communication is an active and on-going process in business, education and etc. As we know it; it means interaction, verbal non-verbal or graphical, between groups of people. There are various methods of communication out of which some of the most important ones are Verbal, Non-Verbal and Graphical. These are the three kinds of communication most commonly used. In the following I will explain their kind and give a few examples.
Lets begin with Non-Verbal Communication; that is communication without words. It is one of the kind of communication that is very frequently use. To define this more accurately Verbal is a word that is derived from “Verb” which means word, hence Non-Verbal means without words. Non-Verbal communication is a type of communication that does not include words and is usually effective than written messages or spoken words, the main reason for this is that Non-Verbal communication is mostly through signs and body gestures, some examples can be the colors of a traffic light, police and ambulance sirens etc. you can notice from this that each of the examples given above are types of communication and they do not have the usage of spoken or written words but they transmit a messeage to the reciver clearly. Body language is also a part of Non-Verbal communication a very good example to explain this will be when referring to the quality of a book a person may say “ That book is great” but to give it a more effective and positive response he can say the same thing with the gesture or a thumbs up showing how much he enjoyed reading the book. Examples of Non-Verbal communication are gestures or body language, sign boards, telephone ring etc.
Coming to Verbal Communication and effective mode of communication that is frequently used like Non-Verbal, here as we have already understood the meaning of verbal as with words it is easy to relate to. Verbal communication is that where there is an existence of words spoken or written, there is although one more addition here; as we just read in the above paragraph that Non-Verbal communication is basically a mode of
Write my paper for me!!!
Mind that the sample papers like communication presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
KING LEAR
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like KING LEAR even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like KING LEAR in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
King Lear
In Shakespeares King Lear, there are several sequences which display the
varying perceptions of different characters. The perceptions of the
characters often differs because of what they are able to see and also in
Do my coursework
their nature. Such factors obstruct their vision, not allowing them to
see clearly. One sequence which may illustrate this is the banishing of
Cordelia after she refuses Lears test of love. Another sequence is the
gouging of Gloucesters eyes by Cornwall. A third sequence which shows
the indifference of opinion within the characters is Lears death at the
end of the play.
As the play opens up, Gloucester and Kent are speaking of Lears
intention to divide his kingdom according to a test of love. It is this
test of love which causes Lear to banish his most beloved daughter
Cordelia. When asked how much she loves her father, Cordelia replies that
she loves him according to her bond, no more nor less . This response
angers Lear and causes him to ban her for her refusal to comply. Lear is
held to the belief that she does not love him. He believes that the
daughter which had loved him the most (and who he loved the most) has
broken his heart. He is suspicious and bans her because he thinks that
she is the only daughter who doesnt love him. It is Lears rashness
which prevents him from seeing that she is speaking the truth. It is the
same rashness which leads him to believe that Goneril and Regan are being
truthful. Kent believes that Lear is wrong and openly tells him so. He
says in a straightforward manner that he is both mad and an old man .
Kent believes that Lears decision was a hideous rashness. He
continues to speak, even as Lear asks him to stop. He tells Lear to see
better as he is banned. It is in Kents nature to speak what he feels,
without hiding things. He did not understand Lears condition and his
rashness. Regan thought that because of the banishing of both Cordelia
and Kent, now Lear will have abrupt fits . She thinks that her and
Goneril are the next victims of Lear and must be careful. Goneril sees
the banishing as poor judgment on Lears part . She says that it has
always been in his nature to be rash . She is not surprised by his
actions. She, as Regan does, believes that they must be careful in their
actions or they might be affected by him too . Goneril decides that it
would be a smart move to do something soon , before Lear can act against
them or perhaps discover their true nature. Both Goneril and Regan know
that they had to lie in order to receive a share of the kingdom. They
decided to take initiative before they could be affected. Both of them
act out of greed in more power. If Lear bans Cordelia, then it is simply
a larger inheritance for both of them. The two daughters do not find a
problem in that. Albany does not understand what Lears reasoning is .
He remains puzzled over why Lear would do such a thing and asks the Gods
for assistance . As Burgundy learns of Lears actions, he restates his
interest in only what Lear had offered him . He still expects to receive
Cordelia along with her dowry, but drops the idea of taking her as his
bride as soon as Lear tells him that she no longer carries a dowry.
France rescues Cordelia from her misery after Burgundy refuses to marry
her, but only after speaking to Lear. When he first hears of Cordelias
banishing, he thinks that it is strange that the one who he loved the most
would do something so monstrous as to strip his benevolence . After
speaking to Cordelia and listening to what she has to say, he realizes
that she had spoken the truth and still loves Lear the most. In his noble
sense, he sees Lears decision as rash (but does not say anything) and
takes Cordelia in. This characterizes France as one who can see through
Lears rashness and understand the condition of both Cordelia and her
father. The Fool, like Kent, tells Lear in a very straightforward manner
that he is wrong. He at often times insults Lear, calling him a fool .
Upon hearing of Cordelias banishing, he had much pined away, showing both
his emotion towards Cordelia and how he thinks that the King was wrong in
his decision. Shows that the Fool is very often the one who speaks
truthfully and intelligently, but is never taken seriously enough to be
given any credit. He does not tell Lear that he should take back Cordelia
or even rethink it, rather he boasts to the King of his foolishness. This
shows both how the Fool knows his limits very well and how he cares very
much not to further anger Lear. Several events in King Lear are seen differently by various characters. Their own intentions and beliefs cause them to make decisions which, if wrong, are corrected through the plays progression. The nature of the characters along with their personal desire cause them to be biased and sometimes predictable in their actions. Often times, it is the obstruction created by other characters which prevents them from seeing clearly. Eventually, in the climactic plays end, all wrong is corrected,
unfortunately at the cost of several lives of many innocent people, making
King Lear a true
Mind that the sample papers like KING LEAR presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
King Lear
In Shakespeares King Lear, there are several sequences which display the
varying perceptions of different characters. The perceptions of the
characters often differs because of what they are able to see and also in
Do my coursework
their nature. Such factors obstruct their vision, not allowing them to
see clearly. One sequence which may illustrate this is the banishing of
Cordelia after she refuses Lears test of love. Another sequence is the
gouging of Gloucesters eyes by Cornwall. A third sequence which shows
the indifference of opinion within the characters is Lears death at the
end of the play.
As the play opens up, Gloucester and Kent are speaking of Lears
intention to divide his kingdom according to a test of love. It is this
test of love which causes Lear to banish his most beloved daughter
Cordelia. When asked how much she loves her father, Cordelia replies that
she loves him according to her bond, no more nor less . This response
angers Lear and causes him to ban her for her refusal to comply. Lear is
held to the belief that she does not love him. He believes that the
daughter which had loved him the most (and who he loved the most) has
broken his heart. He is suspicious and bans her because he thinks that
she is the only daughter who doesnt love him. It is Lears rashness
which prevents him from seeing that she is speaking the truth. It is the
same rashness which leads him to believe that Goneril and Regan are being
truthful. Kent believes that Lear is wrong and openly tells him so. He
says in a straightforward manner that he is both mad and an old man .
Kent believes that Lears decision was a hideous rashness. He
continues to speak, even as Lear asks him to stop. He tells Lear to see
better as he is banned. It is in Kents nature to speak what he feels,
without hiding things. He did not understand Lears condition and his
rashness. Regan thought that because of the banishing of both Cordelia
and Kent, now Lear will have abrupt fits . She thinks that her and
Goneril are the next victims of Lear and must be careful. Goneril sees
the banishing as poor judgment on Lears part . She says that it has
always been in his nature to be rash . She is not surprised by his
actions. She, as Regan does, believes that they must be careful in their
actions or they might be affected by him too . Goneril decides that it
would be a smart move to do something soon , before Lear can act against
them or perhaps discover their true nature. Both Goneril and Regan know
that they had to lie in order to receive a share of the kingdom. They
decided to take initiative before they could be affected. Both of them
act out of greed in more power. If Lear bans Cordelia, then it is simply
a larger inheritance for both of them. The two daughters do not find a
problem in that. Albany does not understand what Lears reasoning is .
He remains puzzled over why Lear would do such a thing and asks the Gods
for assistance . As Burgundy learns of Lears actions, he restates his
interest in only what Lear had offered him . He still expects to receive
Cordelia along with her dowry, but drops the idea of taking her as his
bride as soon as Lear tells him that she no longer carries a dowry.
France rescues Cordelia from her misery after Burgundy refuses to marry
her, but only after speaking to Lear. When he first hears of Cordelias
banishing, he thinks that it is strange that the one who he loved the most
would do something so monstrous as to strip his benevolence . After
speaking to Cordelia and listening to what she has to say, he realizes
that she had spoken the truth and still loves Lear the most. In his noble
sense, he sees Lears decision as rash (but does not say anything) and
takes Cordelia in. This characterizes France as one who can see through
Lears rashness and understand the condition of both Cordelia and her
father. The Fool, like Kent, tells Lear in a very straightforward manner
that he is wrong. He at often times insults Lear, calling him a fool .
Upon hearing of Cordelias banishing, he had much pined away, showing both
his emotion towards Cordelia and how he thinks that the King was wrong in
his decision. Shows that the Fool is very often the one who speaks
truthfully and intelligently, but is never taken seriously enough to be
given any credit. He does not tell Lear that he should take back Cordelia
or even rethink it, rather he boasts to the King of his foolishness. This
shows both how the Fool knows his limits very well and how he cares very
much not to further anger Lear. Several events in King Lear are seen differently by various characters. Their own intentions and beliefs cause them to make decisions which, if wrong, are corrected through the plays progression. The nature of the characters along with their personal desire cause them to be biased and sometimes predictable in their actions. Often times, it is the obstruction created by other characters which prevents them from seeing clearly. Eventually, in the climactic plays end, all wrong is corrected,
unfortunately at the cost of several lives of many innocent people, making
King Lear a true
Mind that the sample papers like KING LEAR presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
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